Dziko kuyaka

Mpweya umene umapanga ndi gaseous mankhwala pawiri ndi mankhwala chilinganizo CH4. Izi ndi nthumwi zosavuta alkanes. mayina ena gulu ili la mankhwala organic: Kuchepetsa, zimalimbikitsa kapena chimasanduka paraffinic. Iwo amakhala ndi ubale umodzi pakati pa maatomu mpweya mu molekyulu, ndi valences onse aliyense wa maatomu mpweya ndi ladzala ndi maatomu wa hydrogen. Pakuti alkanes zimene chofunika kwambiri ndi moto. Iwo kuwotcha kupanga mpweya woipa mpweya ndi madzi nthunzi. Chifukwa, kuchuluka yaikulu anamasulidwa mankhwala mphamvu, amene n'kukhala kutentha kapena mphamvu ya magetsi. Mpweya umene umapanga flammable madzi ndi mbali yaikulu ya gasi, zomwe zimachititsa kuti ndi mafuta wokongola. Pa mtima wa ntchito onse a zachilengedwe malasha anachita ndi dziko kuyaka. Popeza m'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino ndi mpweya, n'zovuta kunyamula pa mtunda wautali kuchokera ku gwero, kotero nthawi zambiri chisanadze liquefied.

The ndondomeko kuyaka ndi zimene pakati methane ndi mpweya, i.e. mu losavuta alkane makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Ici ulikubala carbon dioxide, madzi ndi mphamvu zambiri. Kuyaka kwa dziko tinganene kuti ndi aone kuti pali kuti: CH4 [mafuta] + 2O2 [mafuta] → CO2 [mafuta] + 2H2O [nthunzi] + 891 KJ. Ndiko kuti, kam'bulu kamodzi ka dziko ndi anachita ndi tinthu awiri mpweya ndipamene molekyulu mpweya woipa ndi tizidutswa madzi ziwiri. Izi akumasula kutentha mphamvu, amene ali wofanana 891 KJ. gasi ndi woyera chifukwa chotentha malasha kotero monga malasha, mafuta ndi mafuta ena zovuta zambiri zikuchokera. Choncho, pa kuyaka iwo zimatulutsa mu mpweya mankhwala osiyana zoipa. Popeza gasi makamaka wapangidwa dziko (za 95%), ndiye moto sizitanthauza umabala mwa mankhwala kapena ankasinthana awo ndi laling'ono kwambiri kuposa zinachitikira utsi zina gasi.

The calorific mtengo wa dziko (55.7 KJ / g) ndi apamwamba kuposa homologues, monga ethane (51.9 KJ / g), propane (50.35 KJ / g), byuteni (49.50 KJ / g), kapena ena utsi (nkhuni, malasha, palafini). Kutentha dziko umabala mphamvu zambiri. Kupereka kwa chaka Incandescent 100 W kuwala mababu azitentha ntchito makilogalamu 260 nkhuni ndipo makilogalamu 120 a malasha, palafini kapena makilogalamu 73,3, makilogalamu 58 kapena onse methane, Chofanana 78,8 m³ wa gasi.

The alkane losavuta ndi gwero lofunika kwa m'badwo magetsi. Izi zimachitika ndi moto monga mafuta kukatentha, kupoletsa nthunzi amene amayendetsa chopangira mphamvu ndi nthunzi. Ndiponso dziko kuyaka ntchito kubala otentha flue mipweya, amene mphamvu chimathandiza ntchito ya chopangira mphamvu ya mpweya (kuyaka zikugwira ntchito mpaka chopangira mphamvu kapena chopangira mphamvu yokha). M'mizinda yambiri, dziko chiwombedwa m'nyumba kwa Kutentha zoweta ndi kuphika. Poyerekeza ndi zina mafuta hydrocarbon moto gasi ali aang'ono zamoyo wa mpweya woipa ndi wambirimbiri kutentha kwaiye.

Kuyaka kwa dziko ntchito kukwaniritsa kutentha mu ng'anjo ya mafakitale zosiyanasiyana mankhwala, zomera Mwachitsanzo, lalikulu-ethylene. The gasi wothira mpweya amaperekedwa kwa woyatsa wa pyrolysis ng'anjo. The ndondomeko kuyaka amapanga mpweya flue ndi kutentha (700-900 ° C). Iwo kutenthetsa chitoliro (ili mkati ng'anjo) imene osakaniza zopangira akudyetsedwa ndi nthunzi (kuti kuchepetsa coke lomenyera machubu ng'anjo). Mu zochita za kutentha, ndi kuchuluka kwa zochita mankhwala, zomwe idzapereka zigawo chandamale (ethylene ndi propylene) ndi byproducts (utomoni kunagwa pyrolysis, hydrogen ndi dziko tuzigawo twa, ethane, propane, chimasanduka, C4, C5, pyrocondensate; aliyense wa iwo ali ndi tanthauzo lake Mwachitsanzo, pyrocondensate kuti apange benzene kapena galimoto mafuta zigawo zikuluzikulu).

Kuyaka kwa dziko ndi zovuta thupi-mankhwala chodabwitsa potengera exothermic redox anachita, yodziwika ndi mtengo mkulu otaya ndi kumasula kwakukulu kuchuluka kwa kutentha, ndi kutengerapo kutentha ndi njira misa kutengerapo. Choncho, kapangidwe tanthauzo osakaniza kuyaka kutentha ndi yovuta, kuyambira kuwonjezera zikuchokera kusakaniza mafuta amatsogolera kukakamiza ndi kutentha koyamba. Iwo anati ponso nyamuka kuyaka kutentha ndi kusintha kutentha ndi njira misa kutengerapo zimathandiza kuti lawo Ndikulichepetsa. Dziko kuyaka kutentha njira kapangidwe ndi apparatuses kupanga mankhwala anatsimikiza ndi mawerengedwe, ndi makhazikitsidwe zosatha (mwachitsanzo, mu ng'anjo ya pyrolysis), izo anayeza ntchito thermocouples.