Poyerekeza-mbiri njira mu zilankhulo

Mbiri chidziwitso cha njira zikuphatikizapo yosiyanasiyana. Pogwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana ikuchitika cognition zochitika mu digiri ina.

njira poyerekeza zinachitika - ndi njira za sayansi, amene anatsimikiza ntchito "ambiri" ndi "wapadera" mu chododometsa. Ndi iwo adzadziwa kosiyana mu chitukuko cha osiyana awiri kapena m'modzi wa mliriwu.

njira poyerekeza-mbiri limachititsa kudziwa fanizirani kusintha zimene zinachitika mu chitukuko cha chinthu kuphunzira, komanso kuzindikira malo patsogolo.

Akatswiri m'kagulu subspecies angapo njira cognition. Choncho, pali poyerekeza poyerekeza njira (kuwulula chikhalidwe cha zinthu), mbiri yakale komanso typological (kufotokoza za zinthu za chitukuko ndi zidakwa za kufanana kwa zochitika zosagwirizana ndi kubadwa), mbiri yakale komanso majini (tione ndi kuzindikira zofanana zochokera zimakhalira pachibale ndi chiyambi). Ndipo akutali monga njira yodziwira, limene pafupifupi mwagwirizana chikoka cha zochitika zosiyanasiyana.

njira poyerekeza-mbiri ya njira imene kutsimikizira ubale wa zinenero ndi kubwezeretsa coyamba mbiri ya chitukuko. Iwo unalengedwa motere chidziwitso zana la 19. oyambitsa ake ndi asayansi kwambiri (Alexander Vostokov, Yakobo Grimm, Franz Bopp, Rasmus Rusk).

M'zinenero zina amaoneka mawu ofanana. Ichi ndi chifukwa ngongole. Pali anthu amene kawirikawiri chindipitirire chinenero wina ndi mzake. Zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, adjectives osonyeza zizindikiro zophweka kwambiri, mayina a ziwalo ndi zina zotero. Mapeto a mawu inflected ndi zinenero china chikubwera. Komabe, nthawi zambiri ndi ofanana. Ofufuza chifukwa chakuti awa ndi chifukwa cha chitukuko cha munthu wa mawu, pokhala iwo eni wokha ali zinenero zimene iwo kulibe, ana a "proto chinenero".

njira poyerekeza-mbiri zikuphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana kufufuza.

Amagwilitsidwa ntchito phwando kukhazikitsanso yachilendo. Bwaloli chizindikiritso cha mawu osiyana zofanana ndi morphemes m'zinenero ofanana. Pa nthawi yomweyo anapeza zotsatira za kusintha nthawi zonse phokoso la chinenero gwero. Komanso, amagwiritsa njira yomanga chitsanzo cha Wonenedwa chinenero kholo ndi malamulo a achire wa morphemes ena mwa ana. Pamene inu kupulumutsa ambiri ndithu morphemes okhudzana ndi si yovuta kwambiri mbiri phonetic a mbadwa za zotsatira kusintha phokoso zinthu monga correspondences pakati zinenero ofanana. Mu mulandu wina, chizindikiritso cha kusintha phokoso n'chotheka mu kukhazikitsanso magawo wapakatikati chitukuko. Mu proto izi anaphunzira magulu subgroups mu banja la zinenero.

Izo ntchito monga phwando mkati mkuntho. Pankhaniyi, awulule kapangidwe ka magawanidwe chinenero pokha ndi zochitika kuti zikuonetseratu poyera kuti pali zigawo za dongosolo mu magawo oyambirira a chitukuko.

Pali njira kusanthula poyerekeza cha mawu yobwereka.

Nthawi zina ofufuza yotengedwa zambiri kuchokera Nawonso achichepere maina malo. Chithunzi kukhazikitsanso nkhawa zonse dongosolo mbali chinenero: morphonology, phonology, lexical, morphological, malembedwe (kumlingo). Pamodzi ndi anachokera zitsanzo zimenezi sizingatheke ukugwira mwachindunji proto enieni. Ophunzira kukhazikitsanso kusonyeza okha mfundo za izo, zomwe n'kogwiritsa chosakwanira, chifukwa sungathe recreate chitsutso phonemic, mizu, etc., anasowa zilankhulo zonse wotsatira.