Kutentha injini: mkombero, dzuwa ntchito. mavuto Environmental makina matenthedwe. Kodi izo - yabwino kutentha injini?

Kufunika kwa ntchito mphamvu mawotchi kupanga kwachititsa kuti zikamera makina matenthedwe.

Unit ya injini kutentha

Kutentha injini (kutentha injini), - chipangizo kwa akatembenuka mphamvu mkati mwa mphamvu mawotchi.

Aliyense injini kutentha ali chotenthetsera, madzimadzi ntchito (mpweya kapena nthunzi), yomwe imagwira ntchito mwa Kutentha (chifukwa mu kasinthasintha wa chopangira mphamvu kutsinde, upita pisitoni, ndi zina zotero) ndi firiji. Chithunzi chili m'munsichi chikusonyeza chithunzi cha injini kutentha.

Ndizosowa mapazi a injini kutentha

Aliyense kutentha kugwira ntchito injini chifukwa injini. Kuchita ntchito umene ankafuna kuti mbali ya injini pisitoni kapena chopangira mphamvu masamba anali kuthamanga kusiyana. kusiyana Izi zimatheka mwa injini zonse kutentha motere: ntchito madzimadzi kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa mahandiredi kapena masauzande madigiri poyerekeza ndi kutentha yozungulira. Mu turbines mafuta ndi injini kuyaka mkati (Ice) ndi ponso kutentha chifukwa chakuti mafuta ndi inatentha mwa injini. Firiji akhoza kuchita mpweya kapena chipangizo wapadera cholinga yozizira ndi condensing ndi nthunzi anathera.

Carnot mkombero

Mkombero (ozungulira ndondomeko) - ya kusintha mpweya chikhalidwe, chifukwa mu izo atabwerera koyamba (sangathe kuchita ntchito). Mu 1824, ndi French sayansi Sadi Karno taonetsa kuti ndi bwino kutentha injini mkombero (a Carnot mkombero), chomwe ndi njira ziwiri - ndi isothermal ndi adiabatic. Chithunzi chili m'munsichi chikusonyeza Zithunzi za Carnot mkombero: 1-2 ndi 3-4 - isotherm, 2-3 ndi 4-1 - adiabatic.

Malinga ndi lamulo la kusamala ntchito mphamvu ya injini kutentha zomwe amachita injini ndi:

A = Q ₁ - Q _2,

₁ kumene Q - kuchuluka kwa kutentha amene analandira kuchokera chotenthetsera, ndipo ₂ Q - kuchuluka kwa kutentha amene anaponyedwa ku firiji.
Mwachangu ndi chiŵerengero cha kutentha injini ntchito yomwe ukuchititsa injini kuti kuchuluka kwa kutentha amene analandira kuchokera chotenthetsera ndi:

η = A / Q = (Q ₁ - Q ₂₎ / Q ₁ = 1 - Q ₂ / Q _1.

Mu "Maganizo pa cholinga mphamvu ya moto ndi pa makina amene akhoza kukhala mphamvu" (1824) anafotokoza Carnot kutentha injini pansi pa dzina "yabwino kutentha injini ndi mafuta abwino, zomwe ndi thupi ntchito." Chifukwa malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe mukhoza kuwerengera Mwachangu (pazipita nkotheka) ndi kutentha injini chotenthetsera amene ali kutentha T _1, ndi firiji ndi kutentha T _2. Carnot kutentha injini dzuwa ndi:

η _Max = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T ₁ = 1 - T ₂ / T _1.

Sadi Karno anasonyeza kuti anakhumba matenthedwe makina lenileni, amene umagwira ntchito ndi chotenthetsera ndi kutentha T ₁ ndi condenser pa kutentha T ₂ sangathe ndi dzuwa lomwe kuti upambana Mwachangu olimbana kutentha (yabwino).

Internal injini kuyaka (Ice)

Zinayi sitiroko kuyaka mkati injini limapangidwa zonenepa chimodzi kapena zingapo, ndi pisitoni, ndi limagwirira tiyipukuse, madyedwe ndi utsi mavavu, kuthetheka.

The mkombero opaleshoni tichipeza zikwapu anayi:

1) wakuyamwa - osakaniza kuyaka umadutsa valavu mu yamphamvu ya;
2) psinjika - mavavu onse adawatseka;
3) sitiroko - kuyaka ndi zachiwawa wa osakaniza kuyaka;
4) utsi - kumasula mpweya utsi m'mlengalenga.

chopangira mphamvu nthunzi

The chopangira mphamvu nthunzi mphamvu kutembenuka kumachitika chifukwa kusiyana kwa mavuto nthunzi ya madzi pa polowera ndi kubwereketsa.
Mphamvu ya turbines ano nthunzi kufika 1,300 MW.

Ena magawo luso la chopangira mphamvu nthunzi ya 1200 MW

• Nthunzi kuthamanga (atsopano) - 23,5 MPa.
• Nthunzi kutentha - 540 ° C.
• Nthunzi otaya chopangira mphamvu - 3600 m / h.
• Ozungulira liwiro - 3000 Rev / min.
• The nthunzi kuthamanga mu condenser - 3.6 kPa.
• chopangira mphamvu Utali - 47,9 m.
• Misa chopangira mphamvu - 1900 m.

Matenthedwe makina imakhala ndi kompresa mpweya, combustor ndi mpweya chopangira mphamvu. OPERATION: adiabatically mpweya mawere mu kompresa, kotero kutentha kwake liukitsidwa 200 ° C kapena zambiri. Kenako, mpweya wothinikizidwa akulowa m'chipinda kuyaka kumene kuthamanga imodzi aziwapatsa mafuta madzi - palafini mafuta photogen mafuta. Pa kuyaka wa mafuta mpweya usavutike kutentha 1500-2000 ° C, izo zambiri ndi kuonjezera mathamangidwe ake. Mpweya limayenda pa liwilo, ndi zinthu kuyaka akuuzidwa mu chopangira mphamvu ya. Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa siteji kuti masamba siteji kuyaka chopangira mphamvu kupereka mphamvu zake kayendedwe. Part mphamvu analandira ndi chopangira mphamvu ndi kompresa kasinthasintha; Mavesi chimadyedwa pa jenereta ozungulira, ozungulira ndege kapena chotengera m'madzi, galimoto gudumu.

The chopangira mphamvu mpweya angagwiritsidwe ntchito, kupatula ndege rotational ndi mawilo galimoto kapena injini ya sitimayo, monga injini ndege. Air ndi kuyaka mpweya ndi ejected pa liwilo ku chopangira mphamvu ya mpweya, kotero ndege yaikulu yomwe ikutuluka ndondomeko izi zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusuntha ndege (ndege) ndi madzi (m'chombo) zombo, sitima zoyendera. Mwachitsanzo, injini turboprop ndi ndege AN-24, AN-124 ( "Ruslan"), Ru-225 ( "Dream"). Choncho, "Dream" pa ndege liwiro la 700-850 Km / h ungam'chititse matani 250 katundu pa mtunda wa pafupifupi 15,000 makilomita. Ndi yaikulu zoyendera ndege mu dziko.

mavuto Environmental makina matenthedwe

Great yaikulu nyengo ndi zikhalidwe mumlengalenga, makamaka pamaso pa mpweya woipa ndi nthunzi. Choncho, kusintha okhutira mpweya woipa amatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa mmene kutentha, imene mpweya woipa zimatenga ena kutentha chakuti chimachokera mu malo lapansi, kuchedwa mu ukuwonjezeka m'mlengalenga motero kutentha pamwamba ndi mlengalenga m'munsi. The chodabwitsa cha mmene kutentha imathandiza kwambiri mu ganizo lothetselatu nkhanza nyengo. Sanamwe, pafupifupi kutentha kwa padziko lonse osati +15 ° C ndi m'munsi mwa 30-40 ° C.

mu dziko muli oposa 300 miliyoni zosiyanasiyana magalimoto omwe kulenga oposa theka m'njira iliyonse mpweya.

Pa 1 chaka mu mlengalenga ku mphamvu matenthedwe ku kuyaka wa mafuta ndi allocated matani 150 miliyoni a oxides sulfure, matani 50 miliyoni a okusayidi asafe, matani 50 miliyoni a phulusa, matani 200 miliyoni a mpweya monoxide, matani mamiliyoni 3 Feona.

The zikuchokera mlengalenga zikuphatikizapo ozoni, amene amateteza moyo zonse za padziko lapansi pa mavuto aakulu cheza ultraviolet. . Mu 1982, John Farman Wofufuzayo British, anatulukira pa Antarctica Mpweya umene dzenje - kuchepetsa zosakhalitsa ndi Mpweya umene zili mu mlengalenga. Pa nsonga ya Mpweya umene dzenje 7 October 1987 kuchuluka kwa Mpweya umene mmenemo ali utachepa mu nthawi 2. Mpweya umene dzenje mwina chifukwa zinthu anthropogenic, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito makampani a chlorine munali freons (CFC), amene adawononga ozoni. Komabe, kuphunzira 1990. osati anatsimikizira mfundo imeneyi. Ambiri mwina, kuonekera kwa dzenje Mpweya umene si ofanana zochita za anthu, ndi masoka njira. Mu 1992, Mpweya umene dzenje anatulukira pa Arctic.

Ngati kusonkhanitsa onse mumlengalenga ozoni dziko lapansili ndi thicken kuti osalimba a mpweya pa kuthamanga mumlengalenga ndi kutentha kwa 0 ° C, ndiye Mpweya umene chishango makulidwe ndi kokha 2-3 mamilimita! Ndi chishango lonse.

A pang'ono mbiri ...

• July 1769. Mu Paris Meudon paki asilikali kupanga NZ Kyunyo kuti "moto ngolo", umene okonzeka ndi injini awiri yamphamvu nthunzi, ankayendetsa makumi angapo mamita.
• 1885. Karl Benz, ntchito yokonza German, anamanga woyamba zinayi mawiro petulo galimoto Motorwagen mphamvu ya 0.66 kW, lomwe 29 January 1886 analandira setifiketi. Machine liwiro anali 15-18 km / h.
• 1891. Gottlieb Daimler, ndi German zatsopano, chopangidwa trolley kuyendetsa mphamvu 2.9 Nchito kW (4 horsepowers) galimoto. Liwiro pazipita galimoto ukufika 10 Km / h za mphamvu mu zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana ndi ku matani 2 mpaka 5.
• 1899. Belgium K. Zhenattsi mu galimoto yake, "Jamet Contant" ( "sakhutitsidwa") kwa nthawi yoyamba anawoloka 100 kilometre mzere liwiro.

Zitsanzo za mungaithetsere

Vuto 1. kutentha kwa chotenthetsera abwino injini kutentha ndi wofanana 2000 K, ndi kutentha firiji - 100 ° C. Kudziwa Mwachangu lapansi.

yankho;
The chilinganizo chimene ndiyo dzuwa la injini kutentha (pazipita):

N = T ₁ T ₂ / T _1.
N = (2000K - 373K) / 2000 K = 0,81.

A: injini Mwachangu - 81%.

Vuto 2. Kutentha injini 200 KJ kutentha chinapezeka mwa kuyaka kwa mafuta, ndipo umasamutsidwa ku ozizira 120 KJ kutentha. ndi dzuwa la injini chiyani?

yankho;
Chilinganizo cha kudziwa Mwachangu ndi wa mawonekedwe:

N = Q1 - Q2 / Q1.
N = (2 × 10 ⁵ J - 1.2 x 10 ⁵ J) / 2 × 10 ⁵ J = 0.4.

A: The Mwachangu matenthedwe a injini - 40%.

Vuto 3. Kodi dzuwa la injini kutentha, pamene madzimadzi ntchito kwa chotenthetsera pambuyo polandira kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa 1.6 MJ anachita opareshoni 400 KJ? kuchuluka kwa kutentha anasamutsidwa kuti firiji ndi chiyani?

yankho;
Mwachangu zingadziŵike mfundo

N = A / Q _1.

N = 0,4 · 10 ⁶ J / 1.6 · 10 ⁶ J = 0,25.

Opatsirana firiji kutentha kuchuluka zingadziŵike mfundo

Q ₁ - A = Q _2.
Q ₂ = 1.6 · 10 ⁶ J - 0.4 · 10 ⁶ J = 1.2 · 10 ⁶ J.
A: The injini kutentha ali ndi dzuwa la 25%; kuchuluka kwa kutentha anasamutsidwa kuti firiji - 1.2 · 10 ⁶ J.