Mu chaka chimene kupangidwa kusambira zida? Amene anatulukira kusambira zida?

amakono ndi zofunika kwambiri zida ambiri anali anatulukira kalekale. Ife, anthu amene ntchito zinthu zimenezi zamoyo, nthawi zina osadziwa kuti ntchito pa ziwembu zawo ndi Leonardo da Vinci. Padakali n'zovuta kudziwa yemwe anali anatulukira kusambira zida. oyambitsa ambiri ayesera kuti zioneke choncho, pamene ife tikuziwona izo lero.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Vuto la m'madzi kupuma munthu chidwi kwa nthawi yaitali. Dziko wotchuka wojambula, anatomist, zomangamanga, ndi munthu kwathunthu akupangidwa Leonardo da Vinci, nayenso, nafuna kuti akonze dongosolo kuti analola kuti kukhala pansi pa madzi kwa nthawi yaitali. Da Vinci anabadwa mu 1452. Inu mukhoza kulingalira chomwe kale ali kusambira zida. Ndithudi, snorkel diver kungoti chithunzicho lalikulu la Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Pocheza Da Vinci Venice Senate mzinda kumupempha kuti ndi chipangizo kuukira zombo za adani kuchokera mmadzi. Sikutheka kuti zimene chaka ndendende kupangidwa kusambira zida, koma anali ndiye kuti chithunzicho zachitika akonzedwa wapadera pamadzi, imene inali chigoba, awiri bango mapaipi ndi pamadzi belu, zopangidwa Nkhata Bay. Air zimalowa chubu kudzera belu ichi, chimene chinayandama pamwamba madzi. Leonardo da Vinci anatulukira chubu tsopano wotchuka J woboola pakati. M'litali anali 61 cm, anali kusambira pafupi pamwamba, koma kuti athe sangalalani sanapereke kukongola kwa dziko m'madzi zotheka. Da Vinci anatulukira ndi chikwama, wodzazidwa ndi mpweya. Ine analenga ndi subdomain - yekha iwo sanalenge kwa mapazi ndi dzanja.

Charles Spalding ndi Maurice Fernez

Wina wotchuka amene zathandiza kusintha kwa kapangidwe aqualung - ndi Charles Spaulding. Iye anali pastry ophika nakhala Edinburgh. Koma kuwonjezera anali katswiri ndi ankachita masewera: Spalding wapanga kusintha zambiri zothandiza kwa mitundu belo. Iye anafa pamene pamadzi mu Dublin Bay mu 1783.

Maurice Fernez - ndi ku France amene anatulukira respirators, masks mpweya ndi bwino kupuma zida m'madzi. Iye okonzeka zipewa yokha valavu, iye anali nawo chilengedwe cha zida kumbali-yekha pamadzi pansi madzi.

Ndipo komabe, chifukwa mu dziko ankakhulupirira kuti inventor wa aqualung ndi Jacques-IV Kusto? Kuti mitundu tiri oyamikira chifukwa cha zida kusambira, umene ntchito ku dziko lonse lero.

Development ndi Rukeroylya Deneyruza

Back mu m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi Rukeroyl Deneyruz tinayesetsa kuti akonze makina amenewa, amene akhoza kuchepetsa kuthamanga akuya. Iwo anachita paokha ndipo sanali bwino. Kukhazikika Kakhungu kuloledwa pokoka mpweya mpweya thanki kupuma - mu madzi. chipangizo kunapezeka yabwino, koma anali kuipa ambiri: zilibe kukhala yoyenda yokha ndipo ankadalira pa payipi, amene amaperekedwa mpweya kwa akhalitse pansi madzi.

A zambiri oyambitsa ntchito pa zipangizo za mitundu mitundu kukasambira. Ndipotu, iye anasintha zovala lonse limene diver limalephera, ndi achilungamo ndi suti, ndipo ngakhale zipsepse. Lililonse kumathandiza kuti kusintha kwa aqualung lapansi. Koma chinthu chachikulu - ndi mphindi amagwirizana ndi dongosolo kupuma, amene amathandiza mpweya diver. The mite anayambitsa wotchuka French oceanographer - anatulukira aqualung, amene ntchito lero.

Iii Kusto ndi Gagnan

Kapitawo wamng'ono Cousteau anakwatira mwana wa mwini wake wa kampani "Air Liquide". bambo mkazi wake anapereka chithandizo kwa Cousteau kufufuza ndipo anayambitsa iye ndodo ya kampani monga injiniya. Pamodzi ndi Emil Gagnan, injiniya Corporation, anagwira zida kusambira, imene dongosolo kupuma ali basi aziwapatsa mlengalenga kuthamanga ankafuna. Air kotunga zinachitika pa mozama kulikonse. Ndi chitukuko ichi anapereka diver chitonthozo ndi kuthekera ulendo wautali.

Mu 1943, adatengedwa pa mayeso chida cha Marne Mtsinje. M'chaka cha Jacques-IV Kusto anapitiriza nacho kale m'nyanjamo. Atakhala ndi zosintha ochepa, Cousteau anakulira muyezo woyezera, amene panopa amatchedwa aqualung. Ndipo dzinali linali setifiketi - Aqua m'mapapo. M'mayiko ambiri, zida amenewa amatchedwa kuti "kusambira» - kukasambira.

Tsopano palibe chikaiko kuti amene anapanga masiku kusambira zida. Cousteau pambuyo bukhu linasindikizidwa, "The World a Chete" mu 1953, za gulu ali nalo dzina Aqua m'mapapo. Tsopano Corporation "Air Liquide" anali ufulu kupanga mitundu yonse ya zipangizo pamadzi.

"Madzi kozungulira"

Zinaonekeratu zimene zinali anatulukira kusambira zida, omwe ntchito yathu ino osiyana mitundu. Zinali mu 1943, ndipo IV Kusto wangwiro kwa zikuchitika. Koma izi si chopereka yekha wa oceanographer French polenga zipangizo kumiza. Komanso, adzaupereka kwa kuyambitsa wa m'madzi nyumba "pamadzi kozungulira" iwo anajambula chidwi onena za dziko m'madzi.

Ambiri ankaopa anatulukira kusambira "pamadzi kozungulira"? Ndipo ena sadziwa kuti ndi ochepa sitima zapamadzi bwato, omwe anali dzina kozungulira. Cousteau - ndi addicting chilengedwe: kutikonda kwambiri pa nyanja, anamanga nyumba m'madzi, kuphunzira chinenero cha nsomba. Iye maphunziro Naval Academy ndipo anali kumanga kapitawo ntchito. Koma iye anali chilakolako wina - izi ndi masewera magalimoto. Amakopeka ndi iwo anali oopsa kwa iye - Iye anachita ngozi pa mmodzi wa iwo, ndipo iye anali mankhwala kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo mwakale. Kuthera nthawi yambiri pafupi ndi nyanja, kusambira pansi pamadzi kwa ayambe thupi, Cousteau simungathe kulingalira okha kunja kwa phompho.

korona

Ngakhale kuti patapita zaka mazana angapo, anthu kuwongolera zida chifukwa pamadzi, ndi Dziwani kuti pachimake anatulukira ndi a Leonardo da Vinci ndi Jacques-IV Kusto. Popanda machubu kupuma da Vinci sibwenzi anapitiriza ndi pofuna kukwaniritsa aqualung lapansi. Ndipo popanda dongosolo mwakuchita Cousteau, izo sizingatheke kupanga madzi mu kutali-mzere ndi kukhala pansi madzi ndi nthawi yaitali.

Mu chaka chimene kupangidwa kusambira zida? Funso ili palibe yankho limodzi. kuwongolera ake mu zaka osiyana ndi wakhala mbali zambiri woyamba ndi akatswiri. Apeleka m'manja sindikufuna kuti: chinthu chachikulu kuti tsopano pali njira kuti amalola kufufuza dziko m'madzi. Izi zidzathandiza asayansi, akatswiri kudziwa zinsinsi zobisika kwa munthuyo pa akuya m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja.