Mtundu wa arthropods: makhalidwe onse, gulu

lathuli lili ndi zolengedwa osiyana kwambiri, zosiyanasiyana za nyama ndi zomera tili kumeneko. Koma mu pepala ili, ife tisanthule mwatsatanetsatane mtundu wa arthropods. makhalidwe General wa anthu awa wamoyo komanso kuperekedwa nkhaniyi.

nambala

Ndi yaikulu ndi wolemera mu mtundu wa dziko nyama. Oimira pali za miliyoni nyama. Chiwerengero chawo gawo limodzi la zamoyo zonse padziko lathuli, monga amoyo pa nthawi ino, ndipo zinatha. Tisanakambirane funso "makhalidwe General wa mtundu wa arthropods" (7 kalasi sekondale sukulu ayenera kudziwa ana ndi anthu a izo), m'pofunika kudziwa kuti ambiri a zinthu akali unexplored, chiwerengero mwina theoretically kufika mamiliyoni khumi kapena kuposerapo.

Iwo ali ofanana kulikonse mu nyanja, nyanja, magwero madzi pa dziko. Kuchokera pa mtundu wa topezeka ndinasankha mitundu makamaka Tingaone pa zamoyo ndi chakudya zokonda. Mtundu wa arthropods, makhalidwe onse amene - cholinga chathu chachikulu, kupereka osiyanasiyana bungwe tikambirane gulu la.

chitetezo

Tanena kale kuti mtundu uli ambiri mabungwe, koma ngakhale zosiyanasiyana ichi, iwo onse dongosolo ndi zofanana za thupi. Poganizira mtundu wa arthropods (makhalidwe general), ife kuona zofanana - kunja mafupa molimba wapangidwa chitin. Ena mitundu ndi exoskeleton chikukhudza ndi zamadzimadzi, mapuloteni na calcium carbonate. Izi suti akunja amapereka anawateteza ndi kuthandiza thupi. Komanso, khoma chipolopolo amamangiriridwa minofu.

N'kofunika chakuti mamembala onse poyera kuti molt, ndondomeko izi chifukwa chakuti exoskeleton sizikula, ndipo pamene kukula kwa nyama akusowa nyumba yaikulu.

thupi

Wolemera zosiyanasiyana mtundu wa arthropods. makhalidwe General ndi zikuphatikizapo zinthu monga kugawanika. Thupi lonse lagawidwa zigawo. Nthawi zina zikulire pamodzi, zimene zinachitikira iwo amatchedwa tagmata, ndi ndondomeko - tagmasis. Chitsanzo chimodzi amatchedwa zinaphatikizidwa mutu ndi thorax ndi pamimba. Arthropods sapeza zokhudzana ndi zimfundo -. Ndiko kumene dzina, kwenikweni likumasuliridwa kuti "mapazi olumikizidwa"

Tengani oyambirira ndi ambiri wosazindikira arthropods, aliyense gawo la thupi lawo wakhala kugwirizana ndi peyala imodzi yokha ya zokhudzana. Komabe, ambiri a mitundu kusanduka ndipo anasintha miyendo, popangidwa ndi nyumba zina, monga:

• mouthparts;
• ting'onoting'ono ta;
• Ziwalo zoberekera, ndi zina zotero.

Mu arthropods ndi zokhudzana akhoza kukhala mwina nthambi kapena unbranched.

Maganizo, mpweya kuwombola, magazi

oimira ambiri bwino anayamba oganiza (wophatikizidwa pawiri maso), ngakhale kuti ena alibe mwayi umenewu. Mitsempha ya magazi ndiribe kutsekedwa, ali ziwiya magazi.

Mpweya kuwombola kumachitika m'njira zingapo:

• makutu;
• trachea;
• m'mapapo.

oimira ambiri arthropods dioecious, kawirikawiri umuna kumachitika internally ndi kuikira mazira.

Mtundu wa arthropods: makhalidwe onse, gulu

Izi nyama symmetrical. Nkofunika amatchula kuti iwo ali mbadwa annelids lapansi. Ngati bwino bwinobwino tikhoza kuona kufanana mu dongosolo la. Chinthu chokha mu chitukuko ndi zamoyo wa woyamba afika mkulu mlingo wa bungwe. Arthropods (makhalidwe ofanana mtundu, taxonomy ndi nkhani zina lidzayeretsedwa mwatsatanetsatane) anawagawa zotsatirazi makalasi chachikulu:

• nkhono;
• arachnids;
• tizilombo.

Nayenso lililonse kalasi ali m'magulu. Mwachitsanzo, pakati nkhanu olekanitsidwa: Cladocera, copepods ndi decapod. Ndi arachnids monga: akangaude, nthata ndi zinkhanira. Ndipo tizilombo chifukwa cha chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri mayunitsi, monga:

• Orthoptera;
• dragonflies;
• Diptera;
• Coleoptera;
• Hemiptera;
• Hymenoptera;
• Homoptera;
• utitiri, ndi ena ambiri.

Uliwonse kalasi payokha.

nkhanu

Ndi ndithu kalasi osiyanasiyana zilipo mitundu za zikwi makumi anai. Kwenikweni, angapezeke mu nyanja ndi matupi madzi oyera, koma pali ena amene ali m'dziko.

Ngakhale kuti mtundu wa arthropods (nkhanu kalasi, ikulongosola ambiri amene takambirana mu chigawo chino) wolemera kwambiri, koma n'zotheka kudziwa angapo kufanana mapeto a chigawo ichi timapereka tebulo kuthandiza dongosolo chidziwitso zinazake.

Iwo akuyandama, kukwawa kapena moyo Ufumuyo. Pakati pawo pali ngakhale majeremusi. Monga tanena kale, osiyana arthropod kugawanika kwa thupi, ali kalasi iyi, pali khumi ndi makumi asanu.

Tiyeni tione mwachidule khalidwe la nthumwi ankaikira kalasi iyi, odziwika bwino nsomba zazinkhanira. Ku dzina chakhala bwino kuti amakhala ku madzi abwino. udindo wake mu chikhalidwe ndi kwa anthu kwambiri. Dziwani kuti mungathe ngakhale kusiyanitsa maonekedwe mwamuna ndi mkazi.

Ntchito zimatheka usiku, akudya okha chomera chakudya, kudya onse amoyo ndi nyama zakufa. anthu okhwima a kukula - masentimita khumi ndi zisanu kapena kuposa, iwo molt kamodzi pachaka, nyama wamng'ono, ndondomeko izi zimachitika kangapo pa chaka.

Monga ndi anthu ena arthropods ndi, ndi mitsempha ya magazi si anatseka mtima amaoneka ngati thumba pentahedral ndi Ufumuyo kumbuyo kwa torso ndi. M'pofunikanso kudziwa chakuti mutu ndi thupi ogwirizana. Chogwirika ndi mphamvu olfactory lakuthwa chifukwa ndevu yaitali. Maso pa zovuta ndipo michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana kuti reimburses ndi kulephera kuyenda pa mutu.

Mtundu wa arthropods, arachnids kalasi: mudziwe ambiri

Monga ngati munthu mmbuyo, ali wolemera kwambiri, ali pa zikwi makumi atatu mitundu ya zamoyo, ambiri a iwo amakhala pa dziko, koma palinso oimira m'madzi chachiwiri. Mofanana ndi nkhanu, ali cephalothorax, powonjezera pali pamimba. Onani kuti kugawanika umamumvera kusintha (ena clamps alibe thupi segmented, monga galu).

Woyamba thupi gawo (cephalothorax) kamadzimamatiza kwa awiriawiri asanu ndi manja:

• awiriawiri awiri - maxilliped.
• Anayi mabanja - nogoschupaltsy.

Pa pamimba palibe miyendo, koma ena m'gulu limeneli zinasungidwa matumba m'mapapo, pansi mbale kapena spinneret.

Wina zimasiyanitsa Mbali arachnids - ndi wosanjikiza akunja ongokhala lipoprotein, amene amateteza thupi ndi imfa chinyezi. Ambiri kangaude chakupha ndi khansa. Monga ulamuliro, arachnids - zolusa, koma gulu lalikulu wa tizilombo herbivores. Kupuma imagwiridwa ndi matumba m'mapapo mwanga kapena trachea, koma akangaude mothandizidwa ndi matupi awa awiri. Ziwalo m'maso, kukhudza, kununkhiza ndi kukoma amakonzedwa bwino, koma ena masomphenya nkhupakupa palibe kwathunthu.

Umuna kumachitika mkati, anati mu winawake nkhupakupa ndi zinkhanira moyo kubadwa. Ngakhale kalasi ndi osiyanasiyana ndithu, koma chofunika kwambiri ndi magulu monga:

• Akangaude.
• Nkhupakupa.
• Zinkhanira.

tizilombo

Apa ndi tebulo kusonyeza mbali yaikulu ya tizilombo.

Izi kalasi osachepera kuphunzira, koma mochepa kwambiri kuposa ena, ndi bwino kuphunzira ndi sayansi chabe chifukwa wamng'ono.