Zinthu koyera: zitsanzo. Kukonzekera zinthu zoyera

moyo wathu wonse kwenikweni anamanga pa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Ife timapuma mpweya umene uli ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya osiyana. linanena bungwe ndi carbon dioxide, amene ndiye kukonzedwa zomera. Timamwa madzi kapena mkaka, amene ali chisakanizo cha madzi ndi zigawo zina (mafuta, mchere, mapuloteni, etc.).

Banal apulo - ndi ya mankhwala zovuta kuti mucheze ndi mzake ndi thupi. Mwamsanga pamene chinachake afika m'mimba wathu, zinthu zili mu mankhwala, ife odzipereka, anayamba kucheza ndi madzi muzituluka. Chinthu chilichonse limodzi: a munthu, masamba, nyama - m'ndandanda wa particles ndi zinthu. Yotsirizira anawagawa mitundu iwiri yosiyana: zinthu zoyera ndi zosakaniza. M'nkhaniyi tiona adzazindikira chimene zinthu ziri zoyera ndi zimene wachinsinsi monga zosakaniza. Taganizirani njira kulekanitsa zosakaniza. Komanso tione zitsanzo mmene zinthu choyera.

zinthu woyera

Choncho, umagwirira oyera zinthu - amene zinthu zonse zigwirizana yekha mtundu umodzi Nyerere. Ndipo uyu ndiye woyamba chuma chofunika. Koyera mankhwala ndi madzi, mwachitsanzo, chomwe basi wa mamolekyulu madzi (i.e., yake). Monga koyera mankhwala nthawi zonse zikuchokera zonse. Motero, aliyense molekyulu madzi tichipeza ma atomu aŵiri a hydrogen ndi chimodzi mpweya atomu.

The katundu wa zinthu zoyera, mosiyana ndi zosakaniza wotchulidwa okhazikika ndi kusintha kaonekedwe zosafunika. Only madzi otchezedwa ali kuwira mfundo ndi mbira zithupsa pa kutentha apamwamba. Ziyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti chinthu chilichonse koyera si bwino mwamtheradi, chifukwa ngakhale oyera zotayidwa ali ndi zonyansa zikuchokera, ngakhale ali gawo la 0,001%. funso liti, nanga kuzindikira Unyinji wa mankhwala koyera? Tikutsata ndondomeko za mawerengedwe chiri motere: - mamita (misa) wa chinthu choyera = W (ndende) za kuyera mankhwala osakaniza * / 100%.

Palinso mtundu wa zinthu wangwiro monga zinthu kwambiri mwayeretsa (kopitilira muyeso-oyera, mkulu-chiyero). zomangira ntchito yopanga semiconductors zosiyanasiyana chingwe ndi kompyuta zipangizo, mphamvu nyukiliya ndi zina zambiri akatswiri.

Zitsanzo za zinthu zoyera

Tapeza kuti chinthu choyera ndi kuti lili zinthu za mtundu umodzi. Chitsanzo chabwino chinthu choyera atha kutumikira ngati chipale chofewa. Ndipotu ndi madzi omwewo, koma mosiyana ndi wa madzi, amene timakumana tsiku lililonse, madzi ndi zotsukira kwambiri ndipo lilibe zosafunika. Diamondi ndi chinthu choyera chifukwa lili yekha mpweya popanda zosafunika. Imakhudzanso kugwedezeka krustalo. Tsiku lililonse takumana ndi chitsanzo china cha oyera zakuthupi - woyengedwa shuga, muli sucrose chimodzi chokha.

zosakaniza

Taona kale zitsanzo za zinthu zoyera ndi zinthu zoyera, tsopano tichoke ku gulu lina la zinthu - zosakaniza. The osakaniza - pamene zinthu zingapo ali osokonezeka ndi mzake. Takumana ndi kasakaniza nthawi zonse, ngakhale panyumba. Yemweyo tiyi kapena sopo njira ndi osakaniza kuti timagwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Zosakaniza akhoza analenga ndi munthu, ndipo mwina mwachibadwa. Iwo olimba, madzi ndi boma gaseous. Monga tanena tiyi chomwecho ndi osakaniza a madzi, shuga ndi tiyi. Ichi ndi chitsanzo cha osakaniza analenga munthu. Mkaka ndi osakaniza zachilengedwe, monga zikuoneka, popanda munthu pa njira ya chitukuko ndi lili zigawo zosiyanasiyana.

A chisakanizo cha munthu nthawi chosatha yaitali ndi masoka mchikakamizo cha kutentha kuyamba apasuke mu particles munthu (mkaka, mwachitsanzo, akutembenukira wowawasa mu masiku ochepa). Zosakaniza amagwiritsidwa ogaŵikana sakanikira ndi homogeneous. zosakaniza sakanikira ndi sakanikira, ndi zigawo zawo kuoneka apoyera ndi pansi simungathe kutiona. zosakaniza amenewa amatchedwa suspensions, amene nawonso akufufuta kuyimitsidwa (thunthu olimba ndi thunthu mu boma madzi) ndi emulsion (zinthu ziwiri mu mkhalidwe madzi). The osakaniza homogeneous kwenikweni ndi mbali awo akhoza kukhala. Iwo amatchedwa njira (zinthu akhoza kukhala gaseous, madzi kapena boma olimba).

Makhalidwe zosakaniza ndi zinthu zoyera

Pakuti mayiko, mfundo mawonekedwe tabular.

Njira yodalirika zinthu oyera

Mu chikhalidwe, pali zinthu zambiri mu mawonekedwe a zosakaniza. Iwo ntchito mankhwala ndi mafakitale.

Pakuti zinthu zoyera ndi njira zosiyanasiyana kulekana. The osakaniza sakanikira lagawidwa ndi yothetsa ndi kusefera. zosakaniza homogeneous zidzasankhidwa ndi evaporation ndi distillation. Taganizirani njira iliyonse payokha.

yothetsa

Njira ntchito kulekanitsa suspensions, monga osakaniza mchenga mtsinje ndi madzi. Mfundo yaikulu ozikidwa sedimentation ndondomeko, ndi kusiyana machulukidwe wa mankhwala kuti asiyane. Mwachitsanzo, chinthu chimodzi mwakhama ndi madzi. Amene ali wolemera kwambiri kuposa madzi oyera? mchenga Mwachitsanzo, amene pamaziko a misa adzayamba zakhazikika pansi. Chimodzimodzinso osiyana emulsions osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, madzi kulekanitsidwa mafuta masamba kapena mafuta. Izi zinthu mu ndondomeko kulekana kupanga filimu ka madzi padziko. M'mikhalidwe choyezera, zikufana ikuchitika ntchito ndi nyuzi separatory. Njira imeneyi kulekanitsa zosakaniza ntchito mu chikhalidwe (popanda okhudzidwa anthu). Mwachitsanzo, mafunsidwe mwaye ndi utsi mokhazikika mu kirimu mkaka.

zosefera

Njira imeneyi ndi oyenera kupeza zinthu zoyera kwa zosakaniza sakanikira Mwachitsanzo zosakaniza madzi ndi mchere wamba. Ndiye kodi imathandiza ntchito mu ndondomeko ya kulekanitsa chisakanizo cha particles? Mfundo yofunika ndi zinthu milingo yosiyanasiyana ya solubility ndi tinthu kukula.

Sefa lakonzedwa kuti inkatha kudutsa yokha particles ndi ofanana kapena solubility wa yofanana kuti akhoza analilumpha. Chachikulu ndi zina particles zosafunika mukhoza kudutsa sefa ndipo adzakhala ndisanabadwe. Udindo wa sefa akhoza kuimba osati zipangizo apadera ndi njira mkati zasayansi, komanso zinthu zonse bwino, monga ubweya, malasha, calcined dongo, mbamuikha galasi ndi zinthu zina porous. Zosefera ntchito mu moyo weniweniwo zambiri wamba kuposa angaganize.

Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi amagwira ntchito kwa tonsefe bwino zingalowe m'malo zotsukira, amene alekanitsa particles lalikulu fumbi ndi mochenjera atamukoka yaing'ono, sangathe kuwononga limagwirira lapansi. Pamene inu mukudwala, ndiye inu kuvala gauze bandeji, amene angathe zosefera kunja mabakiteriya. Antchito amene utakhala amagwirizana ndi kufala kwa mpweya oopsa ndipo fumbi, kuvala respirators kuwateteza ku poyizoni.

Mphamvu ya maginito ndi madzi

Mwa njira imeneyi n'zotheka kupatukana osakaniza ufa chitsulo ndi sulfure. Mfundo yolekanitsa zachokera zotsatira za maginito pa chitsulo. Iron particles amakopeka ndi maginito, pamene sulfure tidzakhalabe malo. The njira yomweyo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupatukana mbali zina zitsulo ya kulemera okwana zipangizo zosiyanasiyana.

Ngati ufa sulfure ndi wothira ufa chitsulo, kutsanulira mu madzi, nonwettable particles sulfure tiwolokere pamwamba madzi, pamene zitsulo zolemera yomweyo kugona pansi.

Evaporation ndi crystallization

Njira imeneyi imagwira ndi osakaniza kwenikweni monga mchere mu madzi. Iwo amagwira ntchito mu njira zachilengedwe ndi zinthu zasayansi. Mwachitsanzo, ena nyanja madzi anali chamunthuyo pansi Kutentha, ndi mchere akhala pa malo ake. Amazionera mankhwala, ndondomeko izi zachokera chakuti kusiyana pakati pa zinthu ziwiri otentha zimawalepheretsa asanduke nthunzi imodzi. madzi ankadya isanduke nthunzi, ndi mchere otsala mwa boma mwake.

Ngati mankhwala kuti yotengedwa (shuga, mwachitsanzo) isungunuke ndi Kutentha, madzi si chamunthuyo kwathunthu. osakaniza ndi woyamba mkangano kenako osakaniza chifukwa anali kusinthidwa kunena particles shuga anakakhala pansi. Nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kwambiri - kulekana kwa zinthu ndi mfundo mkulu kuwira. Mwachitsanzo, kulekana kwa madzi mchere. Pankhaniyi, ulusi vaporized kuti adzasonkhanitsidwa, ozizira komanso condense. njira imeneyi imatchedwa kulekana kwa zosakaniza homogeneous ndi distillation (kapena distillation). Pali zipangizo zapadera kuti madzi otchezedwa. madzi amenewa (otchezedwa) chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala kapena machitidwe galimoto kuzirala. Kumene, chimodzimodzi njira anthu otchezedwa mowa.

koromatogarafe

The njira yamasika kupatukana - koromatogarafe. Bukuli lili kuti ena zipangizo amakonda kuyamwa zosakaniza zina zinthu. Iwo amagwira ntchito motere. Ngati inu kutenga chidutswa cha pepala kapena nsalu, limene chinachake kwalembedwa mu inki ndi submerge mbali ya madzi, muona izi: madzi zidzayamba pepala absorbent kapena nsalu, ndipo ndipita, koma colorant adzakhala pang'ono m'mbuyo. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira MS mtundu wasayansi kulekana wotchedwa chlorophyll (thunthu amene amapereka wobiriwira zomera mtundu) kuchokera kumadera wobiriwira wa mbewu.