Mbiri ya ukhondo sayansi

Lero, palibe munthu ngakhale zodabwitsa ngati kufunika kusamba m'manja pamene iwo abwera kuchokera ku misewu, palibe amene amakayikira za kufunika kusamba tsiku lililonse, kuyeretsa nyumba, kuchotsa fumbi ndi uve. Komabe, sizinali nthawi zonse. Panali nyengo pamene anthu sanali ngofunika kwa zinthu zoterozo. Choncho, mbiri ya ukhondo sayansi ali mizu yaitali kwambiri m'mbuyomu. Zikumera monga lero ndi zogwirizana ndi zofala m'mayiko onse, a mitundu yonse.

Ukhondo monga sayansi: nkhaniyi, zolinga

phunziro chilango uyu ndi ndani, ndipo kodi iye akuchita chiyani? Yesetsani kumvetsa.

Cholinga cha sayansi ndi chitukuko cha miyeso mabuku kupewa angathe kuli kwachibadwa chilengedwe ndiponso kuchiritsa izo matenda osafunika. Ndiko, kuteteza chitukuko cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo, bowa pa gulu, likunena zambiri kotheratu momwe thupi lawo, nyumba, kusiya umoyo phe mu chikhalidwe wathanzi.

Choncho, cholinga cha maphunziro a sayansi ndi munthu ndi chilengedwe, mogwirizana awo ndi chikoka mwagwirizana pa chikhalidwe ndi thanzi la wina ndi mnzake.

Malinga ndi cholinga ichi, mwambo umalimbana mukupindula zotsatirazi:

1. Kuphunzira mmene malo biotic ndi abiotic, komanso zinthu chikhalidwe pa thanzi ndi moyo wa munthu, kuphatikizapo dera ake psycho-maganizo. Ndipo pa maziko a deta analandira kukhala ya miyeso matenda amene angathe kuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa amenewa.
2. Mukhale njira kusintha mtendere kukaniza thupi ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
3. Taganizirani mmene tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pa anthu ndi kukhazikitsa ya miyeso kulimbana nawo.

Chotero kodi ntchito anapereka palokha sayansi? thanzi la munthu - makamaka ndi kupewa, kuchepetsa nkhanza, Kupha vuto zotheka patsogolo.

Gawo chilango

Ndi chitukuko zokhudza mfundo za ukhondo mu sayansi anali zigawo kuti tione zotsatira zapadera anthu. Choncho, pali nthambi zingapo zazikulu za ukhondo.

1. Total - umalimbana mapangidwe miyezo zovuta odana ndi mliri, katemera wa anthu chifukwa cha matenda motengera zachilengedwe kunja.
2. Communal ukhondo - amasanthula zimakhudza mwachindunji osauka ndi m'midzi yosiyanasiyana thanzi la munthu. Kotero, apa mukhoza kuyikapo ukhondo, nthaka, madzi, mpweya, malo omwe anthu amakhalako, komanso nyumba pagulu.
3. Mphamvu. ntchito imeneyi umalimbana kuphunzira zotsatira za khalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya kuti mukhale ndi thanzi wabwinobwino ndi nyonga. Kuti ndodo ya Division ya Food ukhondo amatha correlate chifanizo cha moyo wa munthu ndi kuchuluka ofunikira zopatsa mphamvu, komanso kukhala miyeso zakudya popewa zosiyanasiyana matenda (kunenepa, anorexia, bulimia, shuga, etc.).
4. umoyo pantchito correlates mikhalidwe anthu ntchito ndi udindo thanzi, komanso chikoka tonse zolozerazi.
5. Ukhondo wa ana ndi achinyamata. Special nthambi, monga umalimbana mbadwo wa kudziwa za kufunika zodzitetezera ndi ana sukulu ndi sanayambebe kupita kusukulu. Iwo ndi oyamba kuzindikira kuti ukhondo sayansi kuphunzira chiyani chofunika ndi chiyani ntchito uli.

zigawo zikuluzikulu za ukhondo

Kuwonjezera izi, pali zigawo zosiyana za chilango ankaona:

• cheza;
• nkhondo;
• sportswear;
• mayendedwe;
• malo;
• kuchipatala;
• adasonkhananso;
• ukhondo maganizo
• munthu;
• anthu;
• ukhondo m'mudzi.

N'zoonekeratu kuti phunziro ili limaphatikizapo onse chikhalidwe, zamoyo mankhwala ndi zinthu zakuthupi zimene zingakhudze thanzi la munthu. N'chifukwa chake ukhondo - sayansi thanzi (poyamba). Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi ubale wake pafupi ndi sayansi anthu ena.

Ukhondo ubwenzi ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi

Popeza limatchula za chilango ankaona, sizovuta ndikuganiza kuti waukulu sayansi ofanana - ndi:

• mankhwala;
• EPIDEMIOLOGY;
• Ubale (okwana ndipo anthu);
• tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso;
• Toxicology.

Onsewo ali mu zimachitika pafupi, ndi mapangidwe ukhondo ongolankhula chimango makamaka zochokera deta kutchulidwa amalanga.

Makamaka kukhudzana pafupi ndi ukhondo ndi zachilengedwe anthu. Ndipotu, woyamba chinthu - mwamuna ndi kuphunzira phunziro lachiwiri - chilengedwe. Popeza anthu ali mu zonse ndi mosalekeza pafupi kukhudzana ndi chilengedwe, ndiye sayansi zafotokozedwa pamwambapa, sangalankhule. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, malamulo ukhondo kumatanthauza pazipita chovomerezeka ndende zinthu zoipa, mipweya, zosafunika mu mlengalenga. Ubale zachokera zolozerazi mu mawerengedwe ndi mapangidwe a khalidwe mpweya.

Mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha sayansi m'nthawi yakaleyo

Mbiri ya chitukuko thanzi ndi mizu m'mbuyomu. Ndipotu, ngakhale mu dziko wakale panali zizindikiro loyamba la umoyo ndi chitetezo nkhawa za kufunika kwa ukhondo ndi dongosolo.

Pali zingapo matawuni akuluakulu zakale zomwe anayambitsa ndizosowa ukhondo. Mwachitsanzo, mu India wakale watenga angapo malamulo ofunika. Amaonetsa malamulo aukhondo aumwini ndi apagulu (kukonza zinyalala ku misewu, kuikidwa mitembo kuti kupewa kufalikira kwa matenda, zili thupi ndi zoyera ndi zina zotero).

Pafupifupi malamulo omwewo anali mbali ya malamulo a dziko ndi Agiriki akale, Aigupto, Chinese, Ayuda ndi Aroma. Anthu onsewa anali kusunga Malamulo awa:

• umoyo wogonana;
• malamulo munthu yosungira thupi woyera;
• zoletsedwa ndi boma chakudya;
• Kutalikirana kwa anthu odwala ku wathanzi;
• sunbathing;
• physiotherapy ndi zina zotero.

Chikhazikitso cha ukhondo limodzi Kale

Ngakhale nthawi imeneyi wakale funso Komabe, Egypt (mu zaka BC) ankagwira ntchito, tsopano nkhani ya ukhondo limodzi. Choncho, Aiguputo zouma nthaka kuteteza hydration amaika ndi chitukuko cha tizilombo, amatha kuumba, bowa ndi tizilombo tina. Adakali anadziwa chilichonse za moyo wawo.

Iwo anali woyamba kumanga dongosolo losavuta mpopi. Pali malamulo, amene okonzeka misewu. Pang'onopang'ono, maluso onse awa ndi chidziwitso kunditumiza ku zigawo zina za dziko.

Aroma ngakhale anakwanitsa kumanga madongosolo otero kuchimbudzi, amene ankatengedwa chozizwitsa zipangizo zamakono. misewu awo anali kanthu ndi ufulu zosafunika, analamulira padziko ukhondo.

Madera aakulu a kudzikundikira ndi chitukuko cha chidziwitso ongolankhula zimene zimapanga mbiri ya ukhondo, anali Ancient Greece.

Chopereka Hippocrates

Ancient Greece anatchuka chifukwa anthu ake okongola. Ndipotu ndicho cholinga okhala Greece. kukula ndi kukonza mphamvu, natrenirovannosti ndi kukongola kwa thupi - zinali zofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense Hellene. Mfundo zikuluzikulu malamulo a ukhondo anali mu nthawi iyi:

• Wathanzi ndi wabwinobwino zakudya;
• ndi kukongola kwa thupi;
• zokambirana komanso maphunziro kukhala mphamvu ndi minofu.

Zonse izi zimaonekera ntchito za kwambiri nzeru zapamwamba, dokotala, wasayansi ndi woganiza a nthawi ya Hippocrates. Ntchito zake "Pa mpweya, madzi ndi nthaka" Iye momveka bwino kuti iye ankaona zinthu zofunika kwambiri kukhala ndi boma yachibadwa thanzi la munthu ali pa mndandanda zinthu. Komanso, iye ankakhulupirira kuti ngakhale madzi wamba, mpweya akhoza kuchiza matenda, ngati ndinu oyera, machiritso.

Ina ya ntchito yake - "njira zabwino moyo" - imasonyeza kufunika ngakhale pa nthawi imene inapatsidwa kwa malamulo chiyambidwe cha ukhondo ndi sanitization.

Mwambo mu Ages Middle

Mbiri ya chitukuko thanzi mu nthawi ino, komanso mapangidwe sayansi ena onse, kakusintha stagnation. M'mayiko ambiri amaona wopanda ulemu kusamba ndi kuyeretsa zovala ndi pogona, anthu momasuka anatsanulira zimbudzi mwachindunji ku mazenera a nyumba pa msewu. Zikafika izi mliri rages matenda monga nthenda, typhoid, TB, kolera, ndi zina zotero.

mayiko ochepa (wa Ottoman, China, Japan, Russia) akupitiriza kuperekedwa chifukwa zinthu mosiyana. Osambira, hammams, osambira - Onsewa anali zida kutsuka thupi.

Komabe, pafupifupi onse Ulaya anadwala zinthu unhygienic. Pakhala chachikulu chindoko matenda, matenda diso, nthomba, Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi. Kulikonse anali nkhondo, wamphamvu feudalism ndi serfdom.

Development wa thanzi monga sayansi mu zaka XV-XVII

Kuyambira XV m'ma m'mayiko ambiri anayamba pang'onopang'ono kutsitsimutsa chidwi mu ukhondo. Reappear ngalande m'misewu anaika mwala, zimbudzi kuphatikiza m'madera mwapadera kutchula. Kusamba salinso kuti anali chiwonetsero cha zamkhutu ndi anthu a makalasi m'munsi. M'malo mwake, panali osambira, amene ali odzazidwa ndi madzi onunkhira. Kwa zitsulo kupanga sopo ndi Kuwonjezera mafuta onunkhira.

chiwerengero cha kubuka ali utachepa, koma zinthu akadali akali akumane kwambiri. Munthu woyamba wa nthawi amadzinenera zifukwa theoretically kufunika kwa ukhondo, anali Italy Bernardino Ramazzini. Zinali iye amene analenga ntchito "Nkhani pa matenda amisiri" omwe anasonyeza kudalira wa thanzi kwa chilengedwe.

XVIII-XIX m'ma m'mbiri ya ukhondo

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha sayansi thanzi mu nthawi zikuchepa limakula. Ndipotu, ambiri ayamba kumanga mzinda, zomangamanga zikusintha. Anthu akhagopa kubuka, mosamala kwambiri kuyan'ana ukhondo ndi milandu kamodzi nthawi.

Zinali nthawi imeneyi anayamba sayansi monga sayansi, umagwirira, zamoyo, tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso. Iyo ikuchoka chizindikiro chake pa ukhondo. Tsopano, thanzi la munthu imatengedwa yekha molumikizana ndi boma la chilengedwe sangakhoze anapambulwa pa izo. Timaphunzira chikoka cha mpweya, zikuchokera nthaka, khalidwe kumwa madzi, chakudya, ukhondo ndi ukhondo mu ambiri thanzi la munthu.

Kodi tingachitenso kuwauza nkhani ya ukhondo? sayansi yamakono inayambira ukafunidwe ndi German dokotala Pettenkofer. Iye anatsegula luso loyamba pa Dipatimenti ya ukhondo pa University of Munich Choncho, amaona kuti kukhala bambo chilango ichi.

M'mbuyomu mbiri ya zaumoyo ku Russia

Mbiri ya chitukuko thanzi mu Russia anapita, yake mwapadera. Zaka pafupifupi 300 izo zisanachitike mu Europe, Russia analipira ndalama msonkho kwa ukhondo mungachite ndiponso experimental. Apadera wasayansi amene wapanga chopereka kwambiri chitukuko cha sayansi ino:

• mikate;
• anzeru;
• Zakhar'in;
• Dobroslavin;
• Erismann;
• Khlopin;
• Nicholas;
• Osipov;
• Belousov;
• Soloviev ndi ena ambiri.

Kukula kwambiri tima anali ukhondo yekha mu zaka XIX-XX. Zinali ndiye kuti matenda ndi matenda akhala amadziŵika kuti imakhudzana ndi chilengedwe.