Modern ndege ndege. The ndege yoyamba

Achinyamata lero, ndipo ngakhale nzika okhwima, n'zovuta kumvetsa zimene zinachititsa chisangalalo, izo zinkawoneka ndiye wosangalatsa makina ndege. m'malovu Silvery mofulumira kugaŵa kwa thambo buluu, poona ndingaliro ya achinyamata oyambirira makumi asanu. Lonse nthunzi njira atolepo mu mtundu engine. Lero, kokha a pakompyuta monga nkhondo Thunder, ndi maganizo awo kugula ndege malonda USSR, kupereka lingaliro za gawo ili la chitukuko la ndege zoweta. Koma onse anayamba ngakhale kale.

Kodi "zotakasika"

funso A wololera tingafunse lokhudza dzina la mtundu wa ndege. Mu English izo zikumveka mwachidule: ndege. tanthauzo Russian mawuwa kuli mtundu wina wa anachita. Zikuonekeratu kuti ife sindikuyankhula za makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mafuta - ndi kupezeka ochiritsira mafuta injini. Mfundo ntchito ndege ndege ndi chimodzimodzi roketi lapansi. thupi anachita mphamvu ya ndege mpweya ejected yafotokozedwera chopatsa zosiyana malangizo a mathamangitsidwe wa. Onse - ndi subtleties, monga magawo osiyanasiyana luso dongosolo, monga katundu kuuluka bwino potsatira njira, chiwembu cha mbiri mapiko, mtundu wa engine. Pali kusankha zinthu zimene Makampani zomangamanga afika pochita zambiri kupeza njira zofanana, payekhapayekha mzake.

Kulekanitsidwa kwa chombo ndege kafukufuku mbali yofunika kwambiri. M'munda wa accelerators ufa anaika kuchepetsa kutalika mothamanga ndi afterburner, ntchito chidachitika nkhondo isanayambe. Komanso, pofuna kukhazikitsa ndi kompresa galimoto (anavutika) kuti Coanda ndege mu 1910 analola zatsopano Henri Coandă amanena kutsogoza la Romania. Komabe, mamangidwe poyamba inoperable, amene linatsimikizidwa ndi mayeso oyamba, imene ndegeyo kutenthedwa.

masitepe loyamba

Woyamba ndege ndege angathe kuchititsa mu mlengalenga kwa nthawi yaitali, inatulutsidwa mochedwa. Apainiya anali Germany, ngakhale ena kupita patsogolo m'mayiko ena, asayansi - United States, Italy, Britain ndi m'mbuyo pamene mwaukadaulo Japan. zitsanzo izi zinali zoona, gliders ochiritsira womenya yoponya mabomba, amene anaika pa injini mtundu watsopano injini lopanda, lomwe ndi zodabwitsa ndi kukhulupirirana. Mu USSR vutoli, akatswiri akugwira nawo ntchito, koma si monga yogwira, ndi kutsindika pa njira kutsimikiziridwa ndi odalirika wononga. Komabe ndege ndege chitsanzo B-1, zida ndi kapangidwe TRD cradles ndi AM anayesedwa monga nkhondo isanayambe. Unit anali wosadalirika kwambiri, asidi nitric, ntchito monga oxidant, ndi kudya akasinja mafuta, panali nkhani zina, koma masitepe oyamba kovuta nthawi zonse.

"Shturmfogel" Hitler

Chifukwa cha psyche ndi Mtsogoleri wa, ankaganiza kuti aphwanye "adani a Ulamuliro wa Nazi" (zomwe iye ankaona kuti dziko la pafupifupi dziko lonse), mu Germany pambuyo chiyambi cha nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse anatembenuka ntchito pa chilengedwe cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya "zida n'chifukwa chake", kuphatikizapo Jets. Osati m'madera onse a ntchito analephera kuzipeza. Ntchito bwino monga "Messerschmitt-262" (Aka "Shturmfogel") - woyamba ndege ndege mu dziko misa limapanga. chipangizo anali okonzeka ndi injini turbojet awiri, Rada Mphuno gawo pamwamba liwiro pafupi Sonic (zoposa 900 Km / h), ndipo anali njira ndithu amachitira ndi okwera B-17 ( "zouluka linga") ogwirizana. Adolf Hitler chikhulupiriro wotentheka mu zotheka m'modzi mwa luso latsopano Komabe, zodabwitsa unachita zoipa nkhondowo biographies Ine-262. Udaikidwa monga womenya, iye ali m'manja mwa "kumwamba", n'kukhala yoponya mabomba, ndi kusinthidwa izi si zikusonyeza bwinobwino.

"Arado"

kwakusiyana ndi mfundo ntchito pakati pa 1944 pa ntchito yomanga yoponya mabomba "Arado-234" (kachiwiri ndi Germany). Iye anatha amasonyeza mphamvu zawo zapadera nkhondo, pomenyana udindo adani adakocheza m'dera la doko la Cherbourg. Liwiro la 740 Km / h ndi khumi denga sanapereke mwayi flak kugunda chandamale, koma American ndi British omenyana basi sizingagwire naye. Kuwonjezera bomba (imprecise kwambiri pa zifukwa zoonekeratu), "Arado" opangidwa mlengalenga kujambula. Zinachitikira chachiwiri cha ntchito monga njira kakasi analanda mzinda wa Liège. zomvetsa German osati anapalamula, ndi ngati chuma Nazi Germany anali wamkulu ndi makampani akhoza kumasula "Ari-234" kuchuluka kwa makope oposa 36 pa mayiko odana ndi Hitler Mgwirizano akanati zikukhalira zoipa.

"U-287"

Zochitika German lidapezeka m'manja a wochezeka pa wons Wachiwiri World limati atagonjetsedwa cha Nazi. mayiko a azungu kale mbali yomaliza ya nkhondoyo anayamba kukonzekera atasemphana kudza ndi USSR. utsogoleri wa Stalin watenga potsimikizira-miyeso. mbali zonse, zinali zoonekeratu kuti nkhondo lotsatira, ngati izo zikuchitika, AZIDZAMENYANA Jets. USSR panthawiyo anali ndisanadye polojekitiyi mphamvu nyukiliya anali kugwira ntchito kokha pa chilengedwe cha luso yopanga bomba la atomiki. Koma America chidwi kwambiri wakola "Junkers-287", adali ndi deta wapadera ndege (nkhondowo katundu makilogalamu 4000, osiyanasiyana 1500 Km, denga 5000 m, liwiro 860 Km / h). Anayi injini zoipa sweepback (zinachitika tsogolo "zosaoneka) chizathandiza ntchito ya ndege atomiki monga nthandala.

Woyamba unawonongedwa

Jets ndiribe unachita zikuluzikulu pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, kotero zambiri za malo kupanga Soviet lolunjika zoyesayesa zake pa kutukula kapangidwe ndi kukula yopanga ndi omenyana ochiritsira wononga, ndege adzaukira ndi zoponya mabomba. Funso la adzakwaniritse sing'anga milandu atomiki n'kovuta, ndipo anaganiza mwamsanga mwa kukopera American Boeing B-29 (Lachiwiri-4), koma cholinga chachikulu chinali otsutsa mokwiya iliyonse imene mungakwanitse. Kuti tichite zimenezi, choyamba ozimitsa anafunika - wamtali, agile ndipo, ndithudi, liwiro. Mmene kukhala njira ina yatsopano ya ndege, akhoza adzaweruzidwa ndi lemba la mlengi A. S. Yakovleva mu Komiti chapakati (Yophukira 1945), yemwe anapeza kumvetsa ena. Kafukufuku yosavuta analanda German luso chipani utsogoleri anaitenga osakwanira muyeso. Dziko zinali zofunika ano Soviet Jets kuti si otsika ndi apamwamba kuposa mlingo dziko. Pa perete mu 1946 polemekeza chikumbutso wa October kuukira boma (Tushino) iwo anali kusonyeza anthu ndi alendo yachilendo.

Zosakhalitsa Yaqui ndi MiGs

Show kuti anali, koma sizinachitike: mwachidule nyengo, panali chifunga. Oonetsa ndege yatsopano anagwidwa May Tsiku. Woyamba Soviet ndege ndege anapanga mndandanda wa toyesa 15 yapangidwa Mikoyan ndi Gurevich (MiG-9) ndipo Yakovlev (Yak-15). Onse zitsanzo ankasiyana masitepe alumikizana chithunzi chimene mchira gawo la pansi kusamba ndi ndege wosindikiza nozzle lapansi. Mwachibadwa, kuti adziteteze kutenthedwa, zigawo izi yokutidwa wapadera wosanjikiza plating amapangidwa ndi zitsulo refractory. ndege onse anali kulemera osiyana, injini ndi cholinga, koma ambiri limafanana ndi boma la Soviet ndege nyumba sukulu ya makumi anai mochedwa. cholinga chawo chachikulu chinali kulimbikitsa kuti mtundu watsopano wa amagetsi, koma kupitirira kuti mundisonyeze ntchito zina zofunika: ndege oyang'anira ndi chitukuko cha nkhani sayansi. Jets awa, ngakhale mabuku waukulu wa linanena bungwe lawo (mazana a mayunitsi), ankaonedwa ngati anthu osakhalitsa m'dzikoli ndi m'malo posachedwapa, nthawi yomweyo pambuyo kuoneka ziwembu patsogolo kwambiri. Ndipo posachedwa, nthawi yafika.

chakhumi ndi chisanu

ndege umenewu wakhala nthano. Iye anamanga n'kale lonse yamtendere zino, onse anamenyana ndi mu Baibulo wophatikizidwa sukulu. Kapangidwe ka MiG 15 ntchito ambiri chosintha luso zothetsera ulendo woyamba kulenga odalirika woyendetsa kupulumutsidwa system (catapult), anali ndi zipangizo zamphamvu Cannon armament. kwakusiyana liwiro, yaing'ono, koma kwambiri, zinamuthandiza kuti akunde armadas wa zoponya mabomba katundu njira mu mlengalenga Korea kumene nkhondo chinalimba atangobadwa zikamera wa interceptor latsopano. Lofanana MiG ndi anadzakhala American "saber", anamanga pa njira imeneyi. Pa zida kumenyana anagwa m'manja mwa mdani. ndege Soviet analanda North Korea woyendetsa nayesedwa ndi yaikulu mphoto ndalama. Downed "American" anatha kutuluka madzi ndi kuwapititsa ku Soviet Union. Pali mwagwirizana "kusinthanitsa zinachitikira" tingaphunzire bwino kwambiri njira kamangidwe.

mwakwera ndege

Liwiro la ndege ndege - mwayi waukulu, ndipo ntchito osati zoponya mabomba ndi nkhondo. Kale mu makumi anai mochedwa la International Airlines analowa zapamadzi "nyenyezi", anamanga ku Britain. Iwo mwapadera analengedwera kwa mayendedwe a anthu, inali yabwino komanso kusala kudya, koma mwatsoka ayi odalirika: ngozi asanu chachitika mkati zaka ziwiri. Koma patsogolo m'munda wa mkulu-liwiro magalimoto zonyamula wakhala kosatheka kuti asiye. Cha m'ma makumi asanu mu USSR anaonekera lodziwika bwino Lachiwiri 104 kutembenuka buku la Lachiwiri 16 yoponya mabomba. Ngakhale ambiri ndege zinachitika ndege yatsopano, kwakusiyana ndege ayamba katswiri ndege. Pang'onopang'ono kupanga yaitali maonekedwe a zapamadzi ndi lingaliro la chimene chiyenera kukhalira. Injini (wononga injini) ntchito mwa okonza kunadetsa osowa.

Generation womenya ndege: choyamba, chachiwiri ...

Monga pafupifupi njira iliyonse, interceptors ndege anawagawira mibadwo. Okwana pali tsopano asanu ndi zosiyana osati zitsanzo zaka kope, koma kapangidwe. Ngati mfundo zitsanzo choyamba kwenikweni anali kuzimitsa m'munsi mwa zinthu m'munda wa aerodynamics chakale (mwa kulankhula kwina, choyimira cha injini anali Chachikulu kusiyana pakati pawo), m'badwo wachiwiri adamkwatira pa zinthu zofunika (chinapululutsa mapiko, mawonekedwe osiyana kwambiri ndi fuselage ndi zina zotero.) Mu makumi asanu ndi, ankaona kuti mpweya nkhondo ndi sadzamva kuvala khalidwe kuuluka, koma nthawi yasonyeza fallacy wa maganizo.

... ndi ku wacitatu chachisanu

"Galu dambo" wa zaka zao za sikisite pakati pa "Skyhawk", "Phantoms" ndi MiGs mu mlengalenga pa Vietnam ndi Middle East akanena njira ya chitukuko zina, chodetsa kubwera kwa m'badwo wachiwiri interceptors ndege. Variable Masamu mapiko, luso angapo overspeed phokoso ndi zida osakaniza ndi wamphamvu mbali zitsulo avionics mbadwo wachitatu. Panopa Air Force m'munsi mwa paki ambiri m'mayiko zipangizo zambiri zamakono m'gulu la m'badwo wachinayi wa galimoto, yemwe anakhala mankhwala chitukuko zina. Pa mikono abwera zambiri zitsanzo wangwiro kaphatikizidwe liwilo, maneuverability, otsika aone ndi njira pangano. m'badwo uwu wachisanu.

injini Turbofan

Kunja lero Jets zitsanzo woyamba musati muziyang'anira ndi anachronistic kwambiri. View ambiri a iwo ano ndithu, ndi specifications (monga denga ndi liwiro) sizinasinthe kwambiri kuchokera lero, osachepera koyamba. Komabe, pa womdziwa pafupi ndi ntchito makhalidwe a makina, ndi bwino kuti mu khumi zapitazo kupanga yojambula Mkhalidwe mu mayendedwe ziwiri zazikulu. Choyamba, lingaliro la variable adaponya vekitala, kupanga kuthekera ayendetsa lakuthwa ndipo mwadzidzidzi. Chachiwiri, nkhondowo ndege tsopano atha kukhala yaitali mu mlengalenga ndi kupita patali kwambiri. Chinthu Ichi ndi chifukwa mowa otsika mafuta, kuti ndi ndalama. Unakwaniritsa ntchito, kuika mawu ovuta, wapawiri-dera (otsika-chiphaso). Akatswiri akudziwa kuti kuyaka luso anati amapereka kokwanira kwambiri kuyaka ake.

mbali zina za ndege zamakono kwakusiyana

Angapo a iwo. Modern yapachiweniweni ndege ndege injini zimaonetseratu otsika phokoso, chitonthozo mkulu ndi kukhazikika mkulu mu ndege. iwo amakhala lonse thupi (kuphatikizapo mnogopalubnye). Zitsanzo ndege asilikali zili ndi njira (udakali chabe) kukwaniritsa otsika Rada siginecha ndi nkhondo amagetsi. Mu tingati amafuna chitetezo zosiyanasiyana malonda intersect lero. Mwachangu zosowa za mitundu yonse ya ndege, ngakhale pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana: Ngati munthu, kusintha profitability, winayo - zokulitsa nkhondowo utali wozungulira. Ndipo lero ife tiri kupanga phokoso aang'ono ngati nkotheka onse zosakhudzana ndi usilikali.