Mizinda yakale kwambiri ku Russia: lembani mndandanda. Kodi mzinda wakale kwambiri ku Russia ndi wotani?

Panthawi ya chitukuko cha anthu, panabuka midzi yambiri yomwe idakhala mizinda. Koma nthawi, nkhondo, masoka achilengedwe zinapangitsa ambiri kukhala mabwinja. Mpaka pano, ena a iwo apulumuka. Kodi mizinda yakale kwambiri ku Russia lero ndi yotani? Funso limeneli limakhudza ambiri.

Mavuto ena

Dziwani kuti mzinda wakale kwambiri wa dzikoli ukhoza kukhala wovuta kwambiri: tsiku limene maziko a kukhazikitsidwa satchulidwa nthawi zonse. Malingana ndi deta ya olemba mbiri kapena olemba mbiri, tsikulo likhoza kutsimikiziridwa kokha. Kuwerenga mbiriyi, akatswiri a mbiriyakale amamvetsera kumene kumatchulidwa kuti mzinda kapena mzindawu, ndi zochitika za mbiri yakale zomwe akunenedwazo zikugwirizana. Mizinda yakale ya ku Russia ikhoza kukhala ndi mayina osiyana mu nthawi zakale. Choncho, tsiku lenileni lomwe adakhazikitsidwa, nthawi zina sichidziwika. Koma izi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku mizinda yakale kwambiri. Palinso mauthenga a boma pa tsiku lolonjeza, ndiye palibe vuto lodziwiratu nthawi ya mbiri yakale.

Kuti aphunzire nkhaniyi, akatswiri a mbiri yakale akutchula ku Nikon Chronicle, yomwe inalembedwa m'zaka za zana la 16. Chidziwitso chochokera ku Arabiya chomwe chalembedwa m'zaka za zana la khumi chikuwerengedwa. Ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya mbiri yakale "The Tale of Bygone Years" imathandizanso pa izi. Musaleke kugwira ntchito ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale omwe akukumba ndikuthandiza kudziwa mizinda yakale kwambiri ku Russia. Mndandanda wawo ukusintha, pali zinthu, makoma omanga, malo oyala pansi, omwe amapereka zatsopano ndi zatsopano kwa olemba mbiri. Lero ndi Veliky Novgorod, Staraya Ladoga, Smolensk, Murom, Pskov, Derbent, Kerch.

Veliky Novgorod

Mbiri ya kuwuka kwa Veliky Novgorod akadalibe kudziwika. Tsiku lenileni la maziko ake silidziwikabe. Zonsezi. Koma kuti iye ali m'mizinda yakale kwambiri ku Russia ndi zoona. Tsiku la Novgorod kubadwa ndi zaka 859. Kuchokera pamenepo, zaka za mzinda waukulu ndizowerengedwa. Lero ali ndi zaka 1155. Koma izi sizikutsimikiziranso. Ndiponsotu, chaka cha maziko ake chinkaonedwa kuti ndi tsiku limene linatchulidwa mu Nikon Chronicle: panthaŵiyi mkulu wa Novgorodian Gostomysl anamwalira. Kotero, mzindawu unayikidwa kale kwambiri.

Nestor wolemba mbiri mu "Tale of Bygone Years" analemba za mizinda yakale kwambiri ya Russia. Mndandanda, womwe unkatchedwa Lavrentievsky, umasonyeza kuti Rurik asanakhalepo (mu 862) Novgorod anakhalapo kale. Malingana ndi Ipatiev Chronicle, palinso ilmen Slovens amene amakhala pafupi ndi nyanja. Anamutcha dzina lake - Ilmer. Mzinda unakhazikitsidwa ndipo Novgorod anatchulidwa.

Pa mbiri yake, Novgorod anakumanapo ndi zochitika zambiri: inalinso likulu la boma laulere, ndipo linagwidwa ndi olamulira a Moscow, Swedish ndi Levon. Alexander Nevsky, Novgorod kalonga, anadzudzula a ku Sweden pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Neva mu 1240 ndi Knights of the Teutonic Order - mu 1242 pa Nyanja Peipsi.

Mizinda yakale kwambiri ku Russia

Zina mwa malo omwe adatchulidwa, omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi akale kwambiri, pamodzi ndi maimidwe onse ndi Old Ladoga. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amanena kuti izi zikugwirizana ndi zaka za m'ma 800. Zimakhulupirira kuti mzindawu unakhazikitsidwa mu 753. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amati akuchokera ku Ladoga kuti Rurik anaitanidwa kuti akalamulire ndipo anakhala kalonga woyamba ku Russia. Oyandikana nawo ochokera kumpoto anaukira mzindawu, ndipo nkhonoyo inaphedwa ndi moto. Koma m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi silinayenderedwe ndi makoma a matabwa, koma ndi miyala yokhala ndi miyala yamwala, ndipo Ladoga anakhala malo otetezeka a kumpoto - woyamba ku Rus.

Ndi mizinda iti yakale ya Russia yomwe ingayidwe pa Ladoga ndi Novgorod? Izi ndi Smolensk. M'mipukutu imatchulidwanso mu 862. Kupyolera mwa iye, komanso kudzera mwa Ladoga, njira yodziwika bwino "kuchokera ku Varangians kupita ku Agiriki" idadutsa. Smolensk wakhala chitetezo cha Moscow ndipo wagonjetsa nkhondo zambiri ndi nkhondo. Mpaka tsopano, zidutswa za makoma a linga, lomwe linamangidwa m'zaka za zana la 16, linkaonedwa ngati zidutswa za njira yachinyengo ya nthawi imeneyo.

Murom ndi mzinda wakale wakale, womwe unkawoneka pafupi ndi Smolensk. Mzinda uwu unayitanidwa kuchokera ku fuko la Murom, Finno-Uganda. Kuyang'anitsitsa kwake kumayang'ana kummawa: kuchokera apo panali chiopsezo chotsutsana cha kuukiridwa. Volga-Kama ya Bulgaria, ndiye kuti Tatar-Mongols. Mizinda yakale imeneyi ya ku Russia, monga Murom, inkawonongeka kwambiri, ndipo kwa zaka zambiri iwo sankagwira ntchito. M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zinayi zokha izo zinabwezeretsedwa, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu, Moore anali kale pansi pa Moscow.

Mizinda yakale ingathe kulembedwa mosalekeza, mbiri yakale ya dzikoli, kotero pali malo ambiri m'mbiri mwake: Rostov Wamkulu, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Vladimir. Koma pali mzinda umodzi umene uli ndi zaka zoposa 5000, ndipo ukadalipobe.

"Darband" - chipata chopapatiza

Ziribe kanthu kaya ndi anthu angati amene amakangana kuti mudzi wa Russia ndi wamkulu bwanji, ndi Derbent. Iyi ndi gawo la Republic Dagestan, koma ndi mbali ya Russia. Kotero Derbent ndi mzinda wakale kwambiri ku Russia. Anali pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Caspian: ili ndi malo opapatiza omwe anakhala pakati pa gombe ndi mapiri a Caucasus. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti pamene Derbend adakhazikitsidwa, palibe Kievan Rus kapena Ufumu wa Russia. M'mabuku a Derbent anatchulidwa m'zaka za m'ma 650 BC. E., koma midzi inayambira ngakhale kale.

Lero linga la Naryn-Kala, lomwe liri zaka zoposa 2500, ndipo mzikiti wakale wa Juma, womangidwa m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, wasungidwa. Derbent ankalamulira njira ya Dagestan yomwe inadutsa njira ya Silk Great. Anthu ambiri adayesa kulanda mzindawu, adautentha, adawuwononga. M'mbuyomu yake yakale, Derbent wakhala akuphulika nthawi zambiri. Khoma lotetezera, lalitali la makilomita 40, lapitirira mpaka lero. UNESCO imaona Derbent mzinda wakale kwambiri wa Russian.

Peninsula ya Crimea

Koma palinso mfundo imodzi yomwe ikupanga mayankho ake pa funso lomwe likufunsidwa: izi ndi kubwerera kwa chilumba cha Crimea kupita ku Russia . Chifukwa chake, mzinda wa Kerch wawonjezedwa ku mndandanda wa malo akale.

Anali m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya dzina lomwelo, kum'mawa kwa chilumbachi. Zimakhulupirira kuti Kerch anakhazikitsidwa zaka zoposa 2600 zapitazo. Mzindawu umasungira zipilala zakale zamakono, zomangamanga. Zomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakafukufuku anazipeza zimatsimikizira zaka za Kerch, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi amwenye a ku Greece.

Kukambirana za mizinda yakale ya ku Russia kulipo masiku ano kungathe motalika kwambiri: dziko ndi lalikulu, pali malo ambiri ochititsa chidwi a mbiri yakale. Chinthu chachikulu ndi chakuti mbiri ya dziko iyenera kuwerengedwa ndi kukumbukiridwa, ndi zipilala zakale - zosungidwa kwa ana.