Old Russian mzinda: maonekedwe, zochita zake. Mzinda wakale Russian: dzina

Popeza penipeni Russia anali wotchuka midzi kuli anthu ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri. Iye anali wotchuka zokwanira kuti Scandinavia, amene anadzakhala ake zafala monga mayiko Asilavo "Gardariki" - mizinda. Scandinavians anakantha kulimbitsa Asilavo, monga iwo yaitali ya moyo wawo mu nyanja. Tsopano ife tikhoza kumvetsa chimene ndi Russian mzinda wakale ndi zimene anatchuka chifukwa.

zimayambitsa

Si chinsinsi kuti munthu - munthu chikhalidwe. Kwa kupulumuka bwino m'pofunika kuti akasonkhane magulu. Ndipo ngati pamaso pa "malo a moyo" anakhala fuko, ndiye anali kupeza wogwirizira kutukuka ndi kusiya miyambo yankhanza.

Ndipotu, zikamera Mizinda miyoyo ya anthu motero kuti sizikanakhala ayi. Ku mudzi kapena mudzi iwo amasiyana Chinthu chimodzi chofunika - chitetezo kuti kuteteza midzi. Mwachidule, makoma. Ndi ku mawu oti "mzinda" (kulimbitsa) ndipo anapita mawu "mzinda".

Mapangidwe mzinda wakale ndi chifukwa kwenikweni kufunika kuteteza adani ndi kukonza likulu kwa ukulu wa. Ndipotu, nthawi zambiri anali "buluu magazi" a Russia. Pakuti anthu awa, kunali kofunika kuti ndi otetezeka ndi chitonthozo. Akhamukira pano amalonda onse ndi osema, akusandutsa kuthetsa mu moyo Povunduka a Novgorod, Kiev, Lutsk.

Komanso, midzi kumene analenga anakhala malo kwambiri kugula, kuno akhoza nkhosa amalonda padziko lonse, kulandira lonjezo pansi pa chitetezero cha gulu lankhondo. Chifukwa mzinda zosaneneka za kufunika kwa malonda Russia zambiri anamangidwira pa gombe la mitsinje (monga Volga kapena Dnieper), chifukwa nthawi kuti madzi anali otetezeka ndi yachangu njira kupulumutsa katundu. Ili pa magombe a midzi mtsinje ndisefukira momwe sunachitikirenso.

anthu

Choyamba, mzinda sanathe popanda mtsogoleri. Chinali mwina mkulu kapena wachiwiri wake. The nyumba imene iye ankakhala, anali pogona olemera boma, chinasanduka likulu la kukagawira. Iye zinagwirapo zosiyanasiyana nkhani zamalamulo ndi malamulo.

Gawo lachiwiri la mzinda wakale - Izi olemekezeka - anthu pafupi kalonga, ndipo chokhoza kusonkhezera mwachindunji mawu awo. Iwo anatenga malo osiyanasiyana malamulo ndipo ankakhala m'midzi amenewa kuposa onse, koma amalonda, koma okhawo yaitali pamalo amodzi osati kukhala. Pa nthawi ya moyo wawo ndi ulendo wosatha.

Komanso ndikofunikira kukumbukira amisiri osiyanasiyana kudzinenera n'kotheka, kuyambira amisiri ndi kumalizitsa blacksmiths. Monga ulamuliro, nyumba maofesi awo anali mkati mwa mzindawo, ndi msonkhano - kuseri kwa mpanda kunja.

Ndipo atsopano mu wapamwamba anali alimi, iwo sanakhale moyo mu msasawu, ndipo anakakhala pa dziko woyesedwa. Mu mzinda wakale Russian iwo amakonda kugwa yekha pa malonda kapena nkhani zamalamulo.

tchalitchi

Tawuni wakale - mpingo. The tchalitchi, yomwe ili patsogolo pa lalikulu waukulu, anali khalidwe lenileni. Kwambiri yaikulu ndi wolemera chokongoletsedwa nyumba, kachisi linali likulu la mphamvu yauzimu.

Yayikulu mzinda, mipingo zambiri anaonekera mkati. Koma palibe mmodzi wa iwo anali ndi ufulu kukhala kuposa waukulu ndi kachisi woyamba uja, umene munthu ndi kuthetsa lonse. Knyazhye aang'ono parishi mpingo ndi kunyumba - onsewo anali kuoneka kutambasula kwa yaikulu wauzimu.

A udindo wapadera ankaimba ndi mchitidwe umenewu, nthawi zina anakhala kwenikweni mzinda m'kati mwa mzinda. Nthawi zambiri mipanda yolimba kwambiri kuthetsa konse zikhoza kukhala pafupi ndi okhala Chimonko. Ndiye, kachisi waukulu wa agulupa unakhala wamphamvu kwambiri moyo wauzimu wa mzinda.

Matchalitchi mwachangu chokongoletsedwa ndi domes gilded anaonekera chifukwa iwo akhoza kuoneka makilomita angapo, ndipo iwo anali "kukutsogolerani kuwala" kwa apaulendo ndi miyoyo yotaika. Kachisi mwambo wake anali kukumbutsa anthu kuti moyo padziko lapansi - kanthu, ndipo tinganene kuti kukongola woona yekha wa Mulungu, umene unali mpingo.

chipata

Chipata amene anali otetezedwa m'midzi mpaka mayunitsi anayi (a kadinala), linaperekedwa kwa, oddly mokwanira, kusiyana yaikulu. Monga ndime yokhayo mu mzinda wakale Russian iwo ankaimira waukulu mtengo wophiphiritsira: "kutsegula chipata" kupereka mzinda kwa mdani.

Gates anayesetsa mmene ndingathere kukongoletsa ndi kupanga zabwino mmodzi pakhomo zazikulu kudzera amene anakwera kwa kalonga ndi anthu olemekezeka. Iwo anali pomwepo kudabwitsa mlendo ndi kuchitira umboni kwa kulemera ndi chimwemwe cha anthu am'deralo lapansi. A zabwino mapeto chipata anapulumutsa ndalama ndiponso mphamvu zambiri anakonza mzinda wawo wonse.

Komanso ankaona kuti mtundu wa malo opatulika amene amateteza mphamvu osati padziko lapansi, komanso ndi woyera. M'madera pamwamba zipata zambiri linaikidwa zithunzi zambiri, komanso pafupi iwo anali tchalitchi yaing'ono, cholinga chimene chinali kuteteza pakhomo Chifuniro cha Mulungu.

yobetcherana

A malo aang'ono, kawirikawiri pafupi ndi mtsinje (limene ambiri a midzi chinazikidwa) anali mbali yofunika ya moyo zachuma. Russian midzi Old Russia ankadabwa kukhala popanda malonda, imene kwambiri anali amalonda.

Pano, pa yobetcherana, iwo anayikidwa ndi yotsitsa katundu wawo apa panali ndikupeleka chachikulu. Nthawi zambiri, kale zokha, pamenepo adawonekera msika. Osati kumene osawuka agulitsidwe, ndi achuma, analenga malo mzinda osankhika ndi zambiri katundu yachilendo, mtengo zodzikongoletsera. Iye anaimira osati yophiphiritsira woona "khalidwe chizindikiro" midzi. Kuti m'thumba kotheka kumvetsa mmene kuthetsa wolemera, chifukwa wamalonda sadzachitika ulesi pamene palibe phindu.

Nyumbayi

Chimake cha akuluakulu aboma anali zikusungira kalonga kapena kazembe. Zinali malo okhala wolamulirayo, komanso nyumba zaboma. Apa kuthetsa mavuto zalamulo mlanduwu, izo asilikali asanapite. Unali mbali ya malo yamalinga mu mzinda, amene ali m'bwalo otetezeka, pamene iwo anali kubwera akuthamanga anthu onse okhala mu mwambo nkhondo.

Padziko zipinda za wolamulira ndi Ankhondo zochepa wolemera kunyumba. Nthawi zambiri, iwo anapangidwa nkhuni, monga kuyenera nyumba kalonga, amene akanatha ya zomangamanga. Old mizinda Russian anali architecturally zikomo wolemera kwa m'mahema a otchuka, amene anayesa azikongoletsa nyumba yanu ngati kuli kotheka ndi kusonyeza chuma.

anthu wamba komanso m'dziko osiyana Nyumba ya nsanjika matabwa kapena anakumbatirana m'misasa, amene nthawi zambiri anaima pa mphepete mwa mzinda.

Zolimbikitsa

Monga tanenera kale, mzinda wa boma wakale Russian zinalengedwa, Choyamba, kuteteza anthu. Kuchita izi, ife akhazikitsidwa kulimbikitsa.

Poyamba, makoma zinali za matabwa, koma pa nthawi zambiri ndipo kawirikawiri anaonekera chitetezo mwala. Zikuonekeratu kuti "kukondweretsedwa" akanatha akalonga olemera okha. Kulimbikitsa kulengedwa kuchokera katundu pointy pamwamba pa mitengo, wotchedwa harpoons. mawu amenewa amatanthauza m'tauni ya chinenero Old Russia.

Kuwonjezera palisade ndi dothi khoma kuteteza Pamudzi. Nthawi zambiri, ambiri a midzi kale anaonekera mfundo zopindulitsa njira. Mu mzinda lowland kuti sakhalitsa (ku nkhondo yoyamba nkhondo), koma chifukwa nthawi zambiri iwo zochokera zikuluzikulu. Tikhoza kunena kuti sitikudziwa chirichonse za midzi zoipa kwambiri chifukwa iwo yomweyo mbisoweka ku nkhope ya dziko lapansi.

Kamangidwe

Masiku, wachisokonezo kwambiri ndi zosokoneza midzi, ichi chitsanzo - ndi Russian mzinda wakale. linga, amene ali kunyumba kwa anthu onse amene anali kwenikweni mwaluso ndiponso molondola anaika, ngati unali malinga ndi chirengedwe.

Ndipotu, mzinda panthawi imeneyo inkakhala ndi mawonekedwe anamaliza. Pakati, monga zanenedwa, izo anauka malo awiri ofunika: wauzimu ndi aboma. Izi ndi Cathedral chachikulu ndi Akalonga malo. Owazungulira, kupotoza mwauzimu, ndinapita kunyumba boyars wolemera. Choncho, okutira Mwachitsanzo, phiri, mzinda anatsika kutsika pansi mpaka makoma. Mkati, iwo unagawidwa mu "msewu" ndi "malekezero" omwe anadutsa ulusi umene mwauzimu ndipo anayenda kuchoka cipata yaikulu.

Patapita kanthawi, ndi chitukuko cha midzi zokambirana, amene poyamba anali kunja kwa mbali yaikulu ku makoma malire, kupanga zolimba sekondale. Mwapang'onopang'ono, m'kupita kwa zaka mazana mzinda anakula motere.

Kiev

Kumene, likulu la makono a Ukraine - wotchuka wakale Russian mzinda. N'zotheka kupeza chitsimikiziro mfundozo onse tanenera. Komanso, ayenera kuonedwa monga woyamba moona lalikulu kuthetsa yamalinga pa dera la Asilavo.

Mudzi waukulu, atazunguliridwa ndi makoma, yomwe ili pamwamba pa phiri, ndi Betelehemu unachitikira zokambirana. Pali pafupi ndi Dnieper, anali amakambirana. Pakhomo waukulu Kiev, pakhomo zikuluzikulu - odziwika bwino Golden Chipata, kumene monga zanenedwa, sikuti othandiza komanso mtengo wopatulika, m'pamenenso kuti dzina lake polemekeza Constantinople zipata.

The Hagia Sophia unali likulu wauzimu wa mzinda. Iwo kumukokera ena akachisi ndi mipingo, chimene iye katswiri, ndi kukongola, ndi ukulu.

Ndiyamika Kiev izi zikhoza kuonedwa kuti fanizo changwiro cha mmene mzinda anayang'ana wakale Russian.

Veliky Novgorod

Mizinda Old la Russia sikutheka mndandanda, popanda kutchula Great Novgorod. Izi ambiri pakati ukulu akutumikira cholinga yofunika kwambiri anali kwambiri "European" mzinda. Iwo uli pano akhamukira oimira ndi amalonda ku World Old, monga Novgorod anali pakati pa zamalonda ku Europe ndi ena Russia.

Chinthu chachikulu ndicho kuti ife tsopano ndi kuyamika Novgorod - n'chachikulu nambala yaikulu zipilala zosiyanasiyana mbiri ya mamangidwe a Russia wakale. A mwayi wapadera onani iwo pakali pano, kugula tikiti ndege, chifukwa Novgorod anawonongedwa ndi kulanda pa Mongol goli, koma kulipira msonkho wokwera kwambiri.

Wotchuka otchedwa "Novgorod Kremlin" kapena Novgorod Kremlin. malinga awa akhala wodalirika linga mzinda waukulu. Komanso, osanenapo Court Yaroslav a - yaikulu m'dera la Novgorod pa gombe la Volkhov, kumene kunali zambiri amakambirana ndi m'nyumba zosiyanasiyana amalonda bwino. Komanso, amaganiza kuti linali kumeneko ndipo anali malo a kalonga, koma kupeza izo mu Velikiy Novgorod mpaka analephera, mwina chifukwa cha kusowa mu mbiri ya kuthetsa dongosolo Mfumukazi lonse monga.

Moscow

Mbiri ya mzinda wakale, kumene, sakhoza anafotokoza popanda pamaso pa amenewa mndandanda yaikulu midzi, monga Moscow. Iye anali ndi mwayi kukula ndi phata la Russia ano kudzera malo apadera: Ndipotu aliyense malonda kumpoto yaikulu njira zapita ake.

Kumene, waukulu mbiri kukopa kwa mzinda ndi boma la Russia. Ndi naye tsopano pali kucheza woyamba pa kutchula mawu, koma poyamba amatanthauza m "linga". Poyamba, ngati mizinda yonse, chitetezo Moscow anali matabwa ndi zambiri Patapita ali bwino tione.

Boma la Russia ndi mpingo waukulu wa Moscow - Cathedral wa Akukwera, amene mwangwiro anasunga lero. chikuoneka kwenikweni ophatikizapo mamangidwe a nthawi yake.

chifukwa

Ambiri mwa maina a midzi yakale sanalankhule, koma kuti akwaniritse cholinga kuti akhazikitsa mndandanda wa iwo. Atatu ndi wokwanira kusonyeza mmene ndiwofatsa anali anthu Russian mu kusanjika ndi kuthetsa. Ndipo musanene kuti khalidwe iwo anali chosalungama, osati maonekedwe mzinda anali malinga ndi kupulumuka kwa chilengedwe. Ndondomeko anali othandiza kwambiri ndipo, kuwonjezera, kupanga chizindikiro cha pakati pa deralo, amene zokhalamo midzi anali. Afanana ndi kumanga mizinda salinso zofunika, koma n'zotheka kuti za zomangamanga wathu adzakhala nthawi kunena chimodzimodzi.