Mfuti "Dora" - chida nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse: kufotokoza

zaka zitatu pamaso pa mliri wa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, Hitler analangiza nkhawa "Krupp" chitukuko cha heavy-ntchito losatha chida angathe atangomva malinga konkire kuti mamita asanu wakuda ndi phazi zida. ntchito ino ntchito katundu mfuti "Dora" dzina la mkazi wa mlengi wake wamkulu Erich Mueller.

Zitsanzo woyamba wa mfuti superheavy

Pa nthawi imene Mfumu anabwera ndi lingaliro wofuna, makampani German kale anali kudziwa yopanga mizukwa zida zankhondo. Kumapeto kwa First World nkhondo, Paris anali shelled batire, wopangidwa mwa atatu wapamwamba-katundu mfuti "m'patali" dongosolo. The makungwa a mizukwa anali millimeters mazana awiri ndi asanu likungosonyeza ndipo anatumiza zipolopolo awo pa mtunda wa makilomita zana, amene m'masiku amenewo ankaona mbiri.

Komabe, mawerengedwe a mavuto onse ku likulu French batire zimenezi anasonyeza kuti mogwira mtima wake weniweni ndi negligible. Pamene kwapadera yaitali osiyanasiyana anali otsika kwambiri zida mwatsatanetsatane kugunda, ndi moto wa iwo sakanakhoza zinthu konkire, koma yaikulu m'dera.

Only mbali yaing'ono ya zipolopolo unagwera pa nthawi yomweyo mu nyumba zogona kapena nyumba zina. Mfuti anali wokwera pa nsanja sitima, ndi kutumikira aliyense anayenera anthu osachepera makumi asanu ndi atatu. Poganizira pambali mtengo awo okwezeka, zikuoneka kuti ndalama zawo apamwamba kuposa zoipa zimene io akamuyese.

Manyazi pa Pangano la Versailles

Nkhondo itatha, Pangano la Versailles zinthu, pakati pa zoletsa zina, anayambitsa mu Germany loletsa pa yopanga zida, ndi likungosonyeza amene upambana millimeters zana ndi makumi asanu. Ichi ndi chifukwa utsogoleri wa ulamuliro wa Hitler unali udindo wa kutchuka, kupondereza Nkhani kumachepetsa panganoli, kulenga mfuti kuti akhoza kudabwa dziko. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, panali "Dora" - chida kubwezera uschemlonnuyu kunyada dziko.

Kujambula chilombo zida zankhondo

Ntchito pa chilengedwe cha polojekiti ndiponso yopanga chinjoka chimenechi anatenga zaka zisanu. Super-lolemera sitima mfuti "Dora" chifukwa magawo ake luso m'maganizo ndi wapamwamba bwino. Ngakhale kuti anali kumasulidwa ku projectile likungosonyeza millimeters mazana asanu ndi khumi ndi zitatu anaulukira makilomita makumi asanu okha, iye anali wokhoza kuswa kupyola mamita asanu konkire anatsindika, mita zida earthwork tridtsatimetrovoy makulidwe.

The mavuto a ntchito mfuti

Koma izi, ndithudi, mkulu ntchito wotaya tanthauzo lake Mukaganizira kuti mfuti ndi moto wochepa kwambiri mwatsatanetsatane chofunika moona zikuluzikulu yokonza ndi opaleshoni ndalama. Amadziwika Mwachitsanzo, kuti tithe wotanganidwa njanji mfuti "Dora" si zosakwana makilomita anayi ndi theka. Anapulumutsa unsembe lonse m'madera, ndi khamu lake ananyamula kwa masabata asanu, yomwe inkafuna awiri 110 matani Kireni.

Nkhondowo mawerengedwe a zida munali anthu mazana asanu, koma ena kuposa izo, iwo anali seconded kusamala battalion ndi zoyendera battalion. Pakuti mayendedwe a zipolopolo nawo sitima ziwiri ndipo wina sitima mphamvu. Ambiri, ndodo koyenera kuti yokonza mfuti imodzi amenewa anali theka anthu zikwi. Kudyetsa anthu ambiri, panali munda buledi. Kuyambira zonsezi zikuonekeratu kuti "Dora" - chida chimene amafuna ntchito ndalama imathamangira.

Ulendo woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mwana wawo watsopanoyu Germany anayesa kugwiritsa ntchito yolimbana ndi British kuti thupilo la malinga, anamangapo mwa iwo Gibraltar. Koma panali vuto ndi mayendedwe kudzera m'dera la Spain. M'dziko akadali kulimbana nkhondo yapachiweniweni, sikunali koyenera kuti ophimba umenewu chilombo zochotsa milatho ndi misewu. Komanso, wolamulira Franco munjira ina iliyonse kuti zimenezi zisachitike, wosafuna nthawi yoti kokani dzikoli kukhala zipolowe asilikali ndi Western adani.

Mfuti kutengerapo m'mphepete kum'mawa

Popeza kuti zinthu izi, owonjezera mfuti lolemera "Dora" ananditumiza kutsogolo kum'mawa. Mu February 1942, anabwera kwa Crimea, kumene kuphunzira pa kutaya wa asilikali, amene anayesetsa kukathyola Sebastopol. Apa, 813 mm kuzinga mfuti "Dora" lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kupondereza mabatire gombe Soviet, zida ndi mfuti 305 mm.

Mwauchidakwa ndodo zambiri kutumikira atakhala pano pa East Front, m'pofunika kuwonjezera mphamvu zina chitetezo, popeza masiku oyamba kufika ku chilumba mfuti ndipo mawerengedwe ake zinaukilidwa zigaŵenga zankhondo. Monga amadziwika, sitima mfuti ali pachiopsezo kwambiri kunyanyala mpweya, kotero ine ndinali ntchito zina odana ndi ndege magawano kuphimba anawazunza mfuti ku ndege. Iye panaoneka komanso himpodrazdelenie, amene ntchito anali kulenga utsi zowonetsera.

Kukonzekera nkhondo kuyamba kuwombera

Location kwa zipangizo osankhidwa mosamala kwambiri. Iwo afunsidwa mu flyby gawo la mpweya mkulu panokha pawiri mfuti katundu General Tsukerort. Iye anasankha phiri, kumene ang'ambe thupilo lonse anapangidwa pofuna kuthana ndi zida malo. Pofuna kulamulira luso kotheratu "Krupp" anatumiza kudera la ntchito ya akatswiri ake, nawo chitukuko ndi kupanga mfuti.

Kapangidwe mfuti mbiya kuloledwa kusuntha kokha pamalo umodzi, chotero kusintha yowotcha malangizo (horizontally) mfuti "Dora" anaikidwa pa nsanja wapadera, zimene zinachititsa mu mayendedwe Arc knuckle. Ndi kayendedwe ake ntchito kwambiri awiri dizilo sitima.

Ntchito pa unsembe wa zida zankhondo unsembe ndi kukonzekera kwa kuwombera akhala anamaliza chiyambi cha June 1942. Kuti tizikonda zotsatira za moto pa chitetezo cha Sevastopol a ku Germany ntchito, kupatula "Dora" inanso iwiri kudziletsa injini mayunitsi "Karl". The likungosonyeza a mbiya anali 60 cm. Iwo anali ndi zida zamphamvu ndi zowononga.

Maulendo a gulu la zochitika

Panali anafikapo tsiku losaiwalika kwa June 5, 1942. Iwo amalankhula za mmene sitima ziwiri wamphamvu adagulung'undisa pa njanji ya Arc wa chilombo yolemera matani 1350. Izo ziyenera kukhala pansi kuti centimeter, yemwe wachita brigade ya makina. Pakuti jakisoni woyamba mu adzapereke gawo la mfuti anaika projectile matani 7.

Mu mlengalenga anauka zibaluni, ntchito anthu ogwira ntchito amene anaphatikizapo kusintha a moto. Pamene kukonzekera anamalizidwa, lonse mawerengedwe zida wakhala ndinapatsidwa pa malo a, yomwe ili pa mtunda wa mamita mazana angapo. Kuchokera pakuona chomwecho amadziwika kuti angadzachite unakula kwambiri moti njanji imene nsanja ataima, anapita ku dziko la masentimita asanu.

Lopanda ntchito masewera a karati

azambiriyakale asilikali kusagwirizana pa chiwerengero cha katemera yemwe anapanga mfuti German "Dora" mu Sevastopol. Pamaziko a deta Soviet lamulo, panali forte-eyiti. Izi limafanana ndi chuma luso mbiya, amene sangaime ambiri a iwo (ndipo kenako ayenera m'malo). German magwero omwewo amati mfuti anapanga osachepera makumi asanu ndi atatu zipolopolo, Kenako, pa ulendo wamba a zoponya mabomba Soviet, anali sangathenso mphamvu sitima.

Cacikulu lamulo la Wehrmacht anali kuvomereza kuti Hitler ananyadira "Dora" mfuti Sunakhalepo kuti muzichita ake. Zivute zitani anapalamula zotsatira za moto anali kochepa. Izo zinalembedwa chimodzi chokha bwino kugunda mu zipolopolo zofikira, yomwe ili pa mtunda wa makilomita twente-seveni. Otsala a zipolopolo Mipikisano matani uselessly wagwa, kusiya Chigwa kwambiri mu nthaka.

nyumba Kusindikiza monga sizingawononge chifukwa, monga zikhoza kuwonongedwa yekha ndi kumenya mwachindunji. Anali kunena za mfuti ili Army Chief wa ndodo ya Wehrmacht, msilikali General Frantsa Galdera. Iye ananena kuti mfuti lalikulu "Dora" - chabe chidutswa achabechabe luso. Ndi chiweruzo cha Katswiri asilikali n'zovuta kuwonjezera chirichonse.

Mkwiyo wa Mfumu ndi zolinga zatsopano

Izi zokhumudwitsa, tikuonera ankhondo chida "Dora", anakwiya Mtsogoleri. Iye anaika polojekitiyi amayembekezera. Malinga kuwerengetsera wake, mfuti, ngakhale ndalama wokwera kugwirizana ndi kupanga ake, polowa kuŵeta, ndipo motero atasintha mu muyezo wa asilikali kutsogolo. Komanso, kupanga siriyo zida zoopsa uyu anali kuchitira umboni za lingathe mafakitale Germany.

Pambuyo kulephera mu Crimea "Krupp" okonza anayesetsa kusintha chilengedwe chake. Zinali kukhala chosiyana lolemera zida zankhondo wagawo "Dora." Mfuti amayenera kuchita sverhdalnoboynym ndi ntchito ayenera akhala Western Front. yomanga ake zinakonzedwa kusintha zimachititsa kuti kulola, malinga ndi olemba ndi kuwomba maroketi atatu gawo. Koma mapulani amenewa, mwamwayi, sanali kukhala.

Pa nthawi ya nkhondoyo, kupatulapo mfuti "Dora", dziko la Germany anapezerapo wina wapamwamba-lolemera Cannon likungosonyeza masentimita makumi asanu ndi atatu. Izo zinali dzina lake polemekeza mutu wa kotheratu "Krupp" Gustav Krupp Von Bollène - ". M'mphepete Gustav" mfuti ili, zomwe zinabweretsa miliyoni khumi zizindikiro German, analinso unusable monga "Dora." Mfuti anali pafupifupi onse mofanana zolakwa zambiri komanso zofunika zochepa. Pa mapeto a nkhondo makhazikitsidwe onse akuimbidwa ndi dziko la Germany.