Mbiri ya aeronautics. Montgolfier abale

Mbiri ya aeronautics, mwakuwoneka wathunthu. Today miyoyo yathu anali Helicopters, ndege ndi zina zambiri magalimoto zabodza zopezeka. Komabe, mu mitima ya anthu mpaka kalekale kukhala matsenga m'mabuku kuti imakhudzana ndi zinthu zimenezi chidwi ngati mpweya wotentha zibaluni ulendo. Ndipo lero anthu kupanga maulendo pa izo. Ambiri adzakhala chidwi kudziwa mmene onse anayamba. Mbiri ya chitukuko ballooning adzakhala mwachidule kuwunikira m'nkhani ino.

Bartolommeo Lorenzo

Bartolommeo Lorenzo, Brazil, wa apainiya amene mwaiwalapo mayina mbiri sanali. Komabe, awo patsogolo lalikulu sayansi zaka zambiri akhala adamfunsa kapena anakhalabe osadziwika.

Bartolommeo Lorenzo - dzina lenileni la munthuyo amene analowa mbiri ya aeronautics, Lorenzo Guzman, Chipwitikizi wansembe, mlengi wa polojekiti pansi pa dzina "Passaroly" mpaka posachedwapa amaona zongopeka. Mu 1971, atafufuza yaitali, ndapeza zikalata amene amafotokoza zochitika za kutali kale.

Inayamba mu 1708, pamene anasamukira Portugal, Guzman analowa University of Coimbra ndi anayamba kuyesera kupanga ndege, ndege yomwe mutsegule mbiri ya ballooning. Physics ndi masamu, amene Lorenzo anasonyeza mphamvu kwambiri, anamuthandiza mu izi. Iye anayamba ntchito yake kuyetsa. Guzman analengera zitsanzo zingapo amene anakhala zinachitika chotengera chake m'tsogolo.

Woyamba chionetsero Guzman chotengera

Mu 1709, mu August, zitsanzo izi amaonetsa anthu otchuka achifumu. Wopambana anali iye yekha zibaluni ndege: chipolopolo woonda ndi brazier yaing'ono, zizikhala pansi pake, pafupifupi 4 mamita pansi. Guzman m'chaka chomwecho anayamba ntchito yake "Passaroly". Mwatsoka, mayeso ake deta sichinayambe anapulumutsidwa. Komabe, mu Mulimonsemo, Guzman anali woyamba, zochokera kuphunzira zochitika za chilengedwe, anakhoza kupeza njira yeniyeni phiri, ndipo anapanga pofuna kukhazikitsa mu ntchito. Choncho anayamba mbiri ya ballooning.

Zhozef Mongolfe

Kwa Yosefe, m'bale wake wamkulu, Etienne Montgolfier, amene anali ndi ang'ono French tawuni pepala manufactory, analandira mu 1782 cholembedwa mu m'bale ambvunza kuti akonze zingwe ndi nkhani silika kuona mmodzi wa zinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri mu dziko. N'kulemba zinatanthauza kuti Yosefe chinthu chomwe si monga abale anati pamisonkhano: njira imene mungachite kuti mlengalenga.

Chipolopolo adadzazidwa ndi utsi, anali malo ichi. J. Montgolfier chifukwa cha kuyesera munthu wopepuka anaona kuti stitched nsalu zidutswa ziwiri za nsalu mu casing bokosi woboola pakati atathana pambuyo adadzazidwa ndi utsi. kupezeka chidwi osati mwini, koma m'bale wake. Kugwira ntchito limodzi ofufuza adalenga makina ena awiri aerostatic (kotero iwo anayitana balloons awo). Mu nkombero wa anzanga ndi achibale, mmodzi wa iwo wasonyeza. Bukuli linapangidwa monga mpira, m'mimba mwake umene unali mamita 3.5.

The kupambana loyamba la Montgolfier

zimenezo zinali bwino kwathunthu pafupifupi mphindi 10 mu mlengalenga chinatenga chipolopolo, pamene likutuluka ndi kutalika kwa pafupifupi 300 meters ndi kilometre wina alikuuluka kudzera mu mpweya. Abale, Potengera bwino, anaganiza kusonyeza chidali chifuniro chake kwa anthu. Iwo anamanga zibaluni yaikulu ndi awiri mamita oposa 10. Stitched lona jekete za ntchito yakeyi inali chingwe ukonde ndipo papered pepala kuti kusintha zikayamba.

Mu 1783, June 5, unachitikira chionetsero ake mu msika lalikulu pamaso pa oonera ambiri. zibaluni ananyamuka chodzaza ndi utsi. tsatanetsatane zinthu zimene anaona ndi protocol wapadera, zomwe linasindikizidwa ndi anasaina akuluakulu osiyanasiyana. Choncho kwa nthawi yoyamba wakhala mwalamulo mbiri yabwino ndi anangopeka amene anatsegula njira aeronautics.

pulofesa Charles

Mu Paris chidwi kwambiri anali kuchita chidwi ndi abale Montgolfier ndege mpweya wotentha zibaluni. Anawapempha kuti kubwereza likulu la chitsanzo chawo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Jacques Charles, ndi French wasayansi, anauzidwa kuti achite ziwonetsero za ndege analenga. Charles amanena kuti utsi mpweya, zibaluni gasi, monga icho chinali kutchedwa - osati chida bwino kulenga hydrostatic Nyamulani.

Jacques anali kudziŵa bwino zimene zikuchitika atsopano mu umagwirira ndi ankakhulupirira kuti bwino ntchito hayidirojeni, chifukwa ndi opepuka kuposa mpweya. Komabe, kusankha mpweya izi kudzaza galimoto yake, pulofesa anakumana angapo mavuto luso. Choyamba, kunali koyenera kusankha kumene kuchita chipolopolo kuwala, wokhoza kusunga mafuta oyaka kwa nthawi yaitali.

Woyamba ndege charliere

Robey abale, zimango, anamuthandiza kupirira ntchito imeneyi. Iwo anapanga zinthu ndi katundu kufunika. Abale ichi ntchito kuwala silika nsalu omwe TACHIMATA ndi yankho mphira mu turpentine. Mu 1783, 27 August, mu Paris pa za Champ de A Mars ananyamuka ndege Charles. Iye anawulukira mmwamba pamaso pa 300 zikwi. Amaonetsa ndipo posakhalitsa anakhala wosaoneka. Munthu amene analipo kumeneko, anafunsa kuti, kodi mfundo zonse izi, Benjamin Franklin, wotchuka la America ndi wasayansi, kusunga kuthawa, iye anati: "Kodi mfundo zikamera wa obadwa kumene mu dziko?" Anatsimikizira aulosi ndemanga. "Newborn" anabadwa, ndipo anali kuyembekezera tsogolo kwambiri.

Apaulendo loyamba

Montgolfier abale Komabe, sanaleke Charles bwino cholinga woonetsa mu Paris chidali chifuniro chake. Etienne, kuyesera kuti ndi kuganiza kwambiri, ntchito luntha lake ndi wamanga kwambiri. Zibaluni, anamanga iwo, iwo anali m'njira zina mogometsa. Mbiya mawonekedwe anali chigoba chake, imene imafikira mamita oposa 20. Iye wavala zokongoletsera zokongola kunja ndi monograms.

Zibaluni zikusonyezedwa ndi Academy of Sciences, wotchedwa kusirira nthumwi zake. Anaganiza pamaso pa yachifumu kubwereza ziwonetsero. Near Paris, ku Versailles, chionetsero chinachitika mu 1783, patsamba 19 September. N'zoona kuti kuchititsa chidwi akatswiri zibaluni mpaka lero ali Sunakhalepo: khungu yagwa mwa mvula, moti kulowa ziyambe kukonzedwa. Koma Montgolfier abale sanaime. Kugwira ntchito mwakhama, iwo anamanga zibaluni zatsopano tsiku chandamale. Iye sanali otsika kukongola kwa amene m'mbuyomu.

Kuti apange zotsatira pazipita, abale hitched m'ndende limene iwo kuika tambala, bakha ndi nkhosa. Awa ndiwo anali ndi mbiri ya balloonists. The zibaluni unakwera mmwamba ndi ntchito njira yake kwa 4 Km, mphindi 8 bwinobwino adatchithisira pansi. Ngwazi za tsiku anakhala abale Montgolfier. Iwo ankalemekeza mphoto zosiyanasiyana, ndi balloons onse, omwe ntchito m'mwamba utsi mpweya, tsiku anayamba kutchedwa zibaluni.

zinakhazikitsa ndege pa zibaluni mpweya wotentha

Ndi aliyense ndege ndi Montgolfier abale akuyandikira cholinga wokondedwa Anthuwo anathamangitsa, - ndege. A mpira latsopano ndi yomangidwa ndi iwo, inakula. kutalika kwake ndi mamita 22,7 ndi awiri - mamita 15. Mphete Gallery anali wokwera mu mmunsi. Bukuli linapangidwa kuti anthu awiri. Chilengedwe cha mamangidwe anapitiriza mbiri ya ballooning. Physics, pa zinthu zofunika umene linaperekedwa, pa nthawi yekha analola kapangidwe lophweka la ndegeyo. Moto kupsereza udzu anali inaimitsidwa pakati pa zomera ndi. Iye ankalankhula wachikondi, pamene chipolopolo pansi una. kutenthaku likamatenthetsa mpweya, amene anapanga n'zotheka wautali ndege. Iye mpaka anayamba kumlingo controllable.

Mbiri ndege mungapeze zosiyanasiyana mfundo zosangalatsa. Aeronautics - ntchito imene m'ma 18 anabweretsa yotchuka kwambiri ndi kutchuka. NdiAmene ndege sanafune kuuzako ena. Komabe, Louis XVI, Mfumu ya France, choletsedwa kutenga nawo mbali mu ndege othandizira payekha. Malinga ndi iye, vutoli moyo yowopsa anafunika kulangiza zigawenga ziwiri amene anaweruzidwira ku imfa. Komabe, kunadzetsa zionetsero Pilatre de A Rozier, mmodzi wa ophunzira mwakhama ntchito yomanga zibaluni mpweya wotentha.

Munthu uyu sakanakhoza kuyanjanitsidwa ndi chakuti mayina a zigawenga adzalowa mbiri ya aeronautics. Iye anaumirira nawo ntchito mwa munthu. Chilolezo potsiriza analandira. The ulendo zibaluni anapita wina "woyendetsa". Anakhala Marquis d'Arland, ballooning fani. Ndipo mu 1783, pa November 21, iwo anali pansi ndipo anapanga ndege yake yoyamba mu mbiri. Mphindi 25 mu mlengalenga anakhala mpweya wotentha zibaluni, za 9 makilomita zimauluka pa nthawi imeneyi.

ndege pa charliere

Pofuna kutsimikizira kuti charliere (balloons ndi zipolopolo, amene anadzazidwa ndi wa hydrogen) wa m'tsogolo wa aeronautics, Pulofesa Charles wasankha kugwiritsa ndege kuti amayenera kukhala zochititsa chidwi kuposa anakonza abale Montgolfier. Kujambula zibaluni watsopano, zachitika njira zingapo mamangidwe ntchito kwa zaka zambiri m'tsogolo.

Charliere anamanga iwo anali ndi gululi kuti anatambasula kudutsa Chigawo chapamwamba zibaluni, ndi mizere imene anapuma mpandadenga inaimitsidwa kwa gululi izi. The gondolas anthu. potulukira Special anapangidwa mu chipolopolo kuti amasulidwe wa hydrogen. vavu ili mu mthunzi, komanso kusungidwa mu mpandadenga ballast ntchito kusintha okwera. Zoperekedwa analinso nangula kukhala kosavuta kukhala pansi.

Charliere awiri mamita oposa 9, 1 December 1783 mu paki ya Tuileries anatenga chiyambi. Iwo anapita pa Pulofesa Charles ndi Robert, mmodzi wa abale amene anatenga mbali pomanga charliere nawo. Anachokera bwinobwino pafupi m'mudzi, zouluka 40 makilomita. Charles ndiye anapitiriza ulendo yekha.

Charliere anaulukira 5 Km, pamene kwa kutalika zosaneneka kwa nthawi - mamita 2750. About theka la ola pambuyo pokhala Kumwamba ichi transcendental, wofufuza inatera bwinobwino, motero kumaliza ndege yoyamba mu mbiri ya aeronautics mu zibaluni wodzazidwa ndi envelopu wa hydrogen.

Zibaluni anawulukira pa English Channel

Moyo wa Jean Pierre Blanchard, ntchito yokonza French, anachita kudutsa Channel ndege yoyamba zibaluni, ndi yodziwika bwino kuti anali fanizo la zinasintha kumene kunachitika m'zaka 18 mochedwa mu chitukuko cha aeronautics. Blanchard anayamba ndi kuti wopereka maganizo kukupiza ndege.

Iye anamanga makina mu 1781, zomwe mapiko ndi mphamvu pagalimoto wa manja ndi miyendo. Kumuyesa atapachikidwa pa chingwe kuponyedwa pa chipika, zatsopano izi anaukitsidwa kwa kutalika kwa nyumba njerwa, ndi counterweight anali pafupi 10 makilogalamu. Anasangalala ndi kupambana koyamba, lofalitsidwa mu nyuzipepala maganizo ake zokhuza kuthekera kukupiza ndege anthu.

Zaperekedwa kwa woyamba zibaluni kuyenda mpweya komanso kufunafuna ndege asaaonerera Blanchard anabwerera ku lingaliro la mapiko, koma akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kulamulira zibaluni. Ngakhale kuyesa loyamba linatha zoipa, wofufuza sanali kusiya kuyesetsa kwawo ndi zambiri amakonda kuwuka danga wakumwamba.

Mu 1784, mu kugwa, anayamba flights kwa England. ofufuza anali ndi ganizo la kuuluka kudutsa English Channel mu chibaluni, motero kutsimikizira kuti n'zotheka ndege pakati France ndi England. Mu 1785, 7 January, anatsogolera ndege umenewu, umene panafika anayambitsa yekha, Dr. Jeffrey mnzake American.

Nthawi ya ballooning

Mbiri ya chitukuko ballooning sunakhalitse. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha airships ndi zaka balloons mpaka pamapeto ake, zingatanthauze, pang'ono zaka 150. Woyamba ufulu zibaluni anawuka mu mlengalenga ndi abale Montgolfier mu 1783, ndipo mu 1937 anatentha LZ 129 Gindenburg, airship, anamanga ku Germany. Izi zinachitika mu United States, Lakehurst, pa mooring mlongoti. Pa bolodi anthu 97. 35 anafa. tsoka ali odabwa kuona anthu dziko mphamvu zazikulu anali kuumirira kuti analeka kumanga airships lalikulu. Choncho anathetsa nyengo mu aeronautics, imene zaka 40 zapitazi ndi chitukuko cha airships okhwima, wotchedwa zeppelins (mmodzi wa ndiAmene yaikulu anali Ferdinand Von Zeppelin, ndi German general).

Zibaluni zinalengedwa ndi abale Montgolfier, anali unmanageable. Only mu 1852, Anri Zhiffar, ndi French mlengi, adalenga munthu zibaluni ankalamulira.

Akatswiri akhala anayesa kuthetsa vuto la chinthu chimodzimodzi la ndegeyo. Davidu Shvartsu, ndi Austria mlengi, muli lingaliro kuti zitsulo nyumba zawo. Mu Berlin mu 1897, anasangalala m'mwamba zibaluni Schwartz. thupi lake anapangidwa aluminiyamu. Komabe, chifukwa ankafika injini kulephera mwadzidzidzi anapangidwa.

Graf Zeppelin

Werengerani Von Zeppelin ankadziwana ndi ntchito ya Davide, ndinaona ziyembekezo zawo. Iye anabwera ndi chimango zopangidwa wa zitsulo zopangira denga kudzanso kuwala bokosi amene riveted n'kupanga zotayidwa. Obowoka ali stamped. Wa wozungulira woboola pakati chimango mafelemu anaphedwa. Iwo anali olumikizidwa ndi stringers.

Kamera ndi wa hydrogen anaikidwa pakati pa gulu lirilonse la mafelemu (okwana 1.217 mayunitsi). Choncho, pamene kuwonongeka kwa yamphamvu angapo mkati anatsala anakhalabe osakhalitsa. M'chaka cha 1990 ndudu woboola pakati vosmitonny chimphona zeppelin (dirigible, amene m'mimba mwake ndi mamita 12, kutalika - 128) adapanga bwino 18 mphindi ndege, kutembenuzira mlengi wake, ndiye linachita mzinda pafupifupi misala, ngwazi yadziko.

Posachedwapa anataya nkhondo ndi French, dziko anazindikira kukulimbikitsani chithunzithunzi za zodabwitsa zida. Zeppelin - airship, omwe ntchito mwakhama nkhondoyi. Gen. Nkhondo World Ine anamanga makina angapo, utali umene unali 148 m. Iwo akhoza kufika imathamanga 80 km / h. Airships tinapangidwa Chiwerengero Zeppelin, anapita kunkhondo.

m'ma 20 zina democratized ndege. Modern ballooning anakhala chizolowezi cha anthu ambiri. Solomon Auguste Andre mu 1897 mu July, anapangidwa ndege yoyamba m'mbiri ya Arctic mu chibaluni. Mu 1997, zibaluni Fiesta unachitikira mu ulemu wa centenary chochitika ichi pa North Pole othamanga balloonists. Kuyambira pamenepo, chaka chilichonse kufika apa gulu kwambiri kufika kukwera kumwamba. Phwando la aeronautics - chowonetsedwa chidwi kaso kuti anthu ambiri abwere.