, Mbiri makhalidwe ndi mfundo zosangalatsa: The United States pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse

Ndi kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse la United States pa ndime ndi Soviet Union anali mmodzi wa awiriwo mayiko dziko. States anathandiza kukweza Europe mwa mabwinja, tadzionera ndi Boom zachuma ndi zaziwerengero. Dziko anayamba ndondomeko zothetsa tsankho ndi kusankhana mitundu. Pa nthawi yomweyo anthu American anatembenuka odana ndi zomwe propaganda ndawala mbali Kazembe McCarthy. Komabe, ngakhale kuti chiyesedwe mkati ndi kunja, dziko wakhala anatha kukhala ndi kulimbikitsa udindo wake monga democracies yaikulu ya dziko Western.

mayiko amphamvu latsopano

Pamene mu 1939 ku Ulaya anayamba nkhondo yoopsayo, boma US anayesa kuti ndikakhale kutali ndi nkhondo zikuluzikulu. Komabe, yaitali mikangano, chindichepere amakhalabe zotheka kukhala ndi ndondomeko kudzipatula. Pomaliza, mu 1941, panali kuukira Pearl Harbor. Wonyenga Japanese kuukira chinachititsa Washington kusintha zolinga zake. Kotero chisanadze chimatanthauza udindo wa United States pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. anthu a ku America ali ogwirizana ndi "nkhondo zomenyera" XX atumwi, cholinga chimene anali kugonjetsa Anazi ndi anzawo.

The ulamuliro wa Hitler anagonjetsedwa, chichokereni ku Ulaya mabwinja. Awapatse chuma ndi ndale tanthauzo la World Old (makamaka UK ndi France) anagwedezeka. The United States pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse wotanganidwa kagawo kakang'ono wopanda munthu. Ndi zizindikiro zonse ndi ofooka anadwala tinkadziwa zaka zapitazi, dziko chakhala mpake ankaona mayiko amphamvu.

"Plan Marshall"

Mu 1948 anayamba kumachita bungwe Mlembi US wa State Marshall "European Program Kusangalala" George, umatchedwanso "Marshall Plan." cholinga chake chinali chithandizo cha ndalama anawononga Europe. Kudzera pulogalamu imeneyi United States pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, osati kuthandiza anzawo, komanso wotetezeka udindo wake zochuluka mu dziko Western.

Ndalama kubwezeretsedwa kwa makampani ndi zomangamanga zina zofunika allocated mayiko 17. Achimereka kum'thandiza awo kumayiko zokomera a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya Komabe, wapanikizidwa Soviet Union, iwo anakana kuchita nawo mbali mu pulogalamuyi. Pofuna makamaka ndalama anapereka kwa Germany West. ndalama American ku dziko limeneli pamodzi ndi gulu yomweyi reparations pa milandu wakale wa Nazi.

Kukula kwa zotsutsana ndi USSR

Mu Soviet Union kuti "Plan Marshall" ovomerezeka, kukhulupirira kuti kudzera iye United States pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse amaika kukakamiza Soviet Union. Zimenezi zinali zofala mu West. Iwo Pamilunguyo kuphatikizapo kale wotsatila mutsogoleli US Genri Uolles, anatsutsa pulogalamu ya thandizo kwa Europe.

Chaka chilichonse atasemphana kukula pakati pa USSR ndi United States anayamba ndi kovuta. Mphamvu, m'mphepete chomwecho polimbana ndi kuopseza Nazi, ndipo tsopano ayamba kukangana poyera. Bwanji kutsutsana pakati pa chikominisi ndi mfundo za demokalase. Ulaya ndi United States pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse analenga mgwirizano asilikali, NATO, ndi Eastern Europe ndi Soviet Union - Warsaw ke.

mavuto mkati

Kukula mkati mwa US pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World anali limodzi ndi mikangano. polimbana ndi Nazi zoipa kwa zaka zambiri anthu ogwirizana ndipo anamupangitsa iye kuyiwala za mavuto awo. Komabe, pasanapite nthawi kuchokera chigonjetso cha mavuto amenewa iwo analengeza okha kachiwiri. Mu malo oyamba, adalowa ndi kulemekeza m'mafuko aang'ono.

Social lamulo la USA pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World anasintha njira zakale za moyo wa Amwenye. Mu 1949, boma anasiya chilamulo yapita pa kukhalanso. Atapita zosungitsa. Inapita kuloŵerera ndi anthu a m'mayiko a ku America. Nthawi zambiri, Amwenye anasamukira m'tauni opanikizika. Ambiri a iwo sanafune kusiya njira ya moyo ya makolo, koma iwo anali kuphwanya mfundo zawo chifukwa cha mayiko wosiyana.

Kuthana ndi tsankho

Chilumba anakhalabe vuto ubale tonse ambiri woyera ndi wakuda ochepa. Tsankho analimbikira. Mu 1948 anathetsa Chilamulocho mu Air Force. Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, ku America ambiri African anatumikira mu ndege ndi wotchuka anamanganso chodabwitsa. Tsopano iwo angapatsidwe udindo kwa Mama zinthu zofanana ndi woyera.

1954 anatipatsa chigonjetso ina yofunika chikhalidwe. Chifukwa cha kuleza moŵa kusankha zinthu za mbiri Supreme Court US pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse zinali zodzaza ndi chiyembekezo chakuti maphunziro osiyana mu masukulu ndi mtundu. Ndiye Congress mwalamulo anatsimikizira kuti anapatsidwa wakuda kwa nzika zonse. US pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuti akwaniritse kusiyidwa wathunthu wa tsankho ndi kusalana. ndondomeko linamalizidwa mu 1960.

chuma

Imathandizira pa vuto la zachuma la United States pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse chinadzetsa Boom osaneneka a zachuma, lomwe limatchedwa "Golden zaka bizinesi". Izo zinali chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo, monga mavuto mu Europe. Nthawi 1945-1952 gg. Komanso ankaona Keynes nyengo (Dzhon Keyns - woyambitsa chiphunzitso odziwika zachuma, malinga ndi zimene malamulo a United States ankakhala zaka).

Kudzera mwa States a dongosolo Bretton Woods unakhazikitsidwa. mabungwe kuti magawowa malonda ndipo analola kuti achite "Plan Marshall" (panali World Bank, bungwe la International Monetary Fund ndi zina zotero. D.). The Boom zachuma mu United States zinachititsa kuti mwana Boom - kuphulika anthu chifukwa cha zomwe anali kukula mofulumira anthu m'dziko lonselo.

Chiyambi cha Cold Nkhondo

Mu 1946, pamene pa ulendo payekha ku United States, kale zakale Nduna British Winston Churchill anapulumutsa mawu ake omveka amene adayitana Soviet Union ndi kumuopseza chikominisi kwa dziko Western. Today mbiri yakale amakhulupirira chochitika ichi ndi chiyambi cha Cold nkhondo. Mu US, pamene pulezidenti Garri Trumen. Iye, monga Churchill, ankakhulupirira kuti Soviet Union ayenera kutsatira olimbika mzere khalidwe. Pa utsogoleri wake (1946-1953) potsiriza wotetezedwa nsoka wa dziko pakati pa Chiyuda lotsutsa ndale.

Truman anali mlembi wa "Truman Chiphunzitso", chimene, Chidani nkhondo nkhondo pakati pa demokalase American ndi Soviet machitidwe wankhanza. Woyamba fupa woona kukangana kwa mayiko awiri anali Germany. Malinga ndi chigamulo US, West Berlin anaphatikizidwa "Plan Marshall." Soviet Union poyankha lino, mzinda wa anapanga anatseka misewu. mavutowo chinakhalapo mpaka 1949. Chifukwa cha izo mu East German GDR iwo unalengedwa.

Anayamba wozungulira atsopano a mtundu wa manja. Pambuyo mabomba a Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki kunalibe akuyesetsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito pa nkhondo za zokwana nyukiliya - zidaleka itatha yoyamba. Chachiwiri World nkhondo, ndi US zinali zokwanira kuzindikira lethality nkhondo latsopano. Komabe, mtundu manja kale anayamba. Mu 1949 boma la Soviet Union anayesedwa kwa bomba, ndipo kenako - haidrojeni. America ataya okhawo zida.

McCarthyism

Ndi kuwonongeka ubale ku Soviet Union ndi United States linayamba kampeni propaganda kumanga fano latsopano la mdani. "Red chiopsyezo" chasanduka mu uchimo kwa mamilioni a ku America. The ambiri odzipereka odana ndi chikominisi, anali Kazembe Dzhozef Makkarti. Mlandu andale ambiri udindo wapamwamba ndi wa kanjedza anthu azimvetsa Soviet Union. Akhate apamwamba McCarthy mwamsanga anatola ndi atolankhani.

The United States pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World Mwachidule, aona odana ndi zomwe chipwirikiti, pamene akuvutika anali amuna, kutali ndithu kuchokera kumanzere-phiko. McCarthyites mavuto onse a anthu American wodzudzulidwa oukira. kuukira ali kumbali ya mabungwe malonda ndi zokambirana ndi bloc zokomera. Truman ngakhale iye anali wotsutsa Boma la Soviet Union, koma osiyana maganizo McCarthy ndi yowayenera. The aphungu zankhanza anapita Republican Dwight Eisenhower mu 1952 anapambana chisankho cha Pulezident lotsatira.

McCarthyists akuvutika anayamba asayansi ambiri ndi amisiri: Wolemba Leonard Bernstein, wasayansi David Bohm, Ammayi Lee Grant, etc. kwa akazitape mkazi anaphedwa chikominisi Julius ndi Ethel Rosenberg ... Ndawala nkhani kupeza adani mkati Komabe, posakhalitsa analephera. Kumapeto kwa 1954 McCarthy anatumizidwa ku yosiya manyazi.

Cuba chida mavuto

France, Britain, United States pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, pamodzi ndi mayiko ena Western analenga asilikali NATO. Posachedwa m'mayiko amenewa anafotokoza kuthandiza Korea South kulimbana yolimbana, chikominisi. Otsiriza, nawonso anathandiza Soviet Union ndi China. Nkhondo ku Korea inatenga zaka 1950-1953. Icho chinali choyamba zida nkhondo pakati pa awiri pachimake ya ndale ya dzikoli.

Mu 1959, kusintha zinachitika mu oyandikana United States, Cuba. Mphamvu pa chilumba anabwera, chikominisi kutsogoleredwa ndi Fidel Castro. Cuba ntchito thandizo la zachuma wa USSR. Komanso, Soviet zida za nyukiliya anatengedwa pa chilumba. chikuoneka pafupi ndi United States zinachititsa kuti mavuto Caribbean - chimake cha Cold nkhondo, pamene dziko linali pa pakhomo la mabomba zatsopano za nyukiliya. Kenako mu 1962, Pulezidenti US John F. Kennedy ndi Soviet mtsogoleri Nikita Khrushchev anatha kukambirana ndi kuti kukulitsa nkhaniyo. Foloko yapatsiridwa. Iwo anayamba lamulo détente pang'onopang'ono.