Manyazi chiphunzitso (olemba). Good - zoipa. khalidwe la anthu, zochita

Popular manyazi chiphunzitso anatuluka mu m'ma XX. wolalikira amakhulupirira kuti anthu pali njira wamba olemba magulu ena chikhalidwe. Atatero, anthu ambiri anadzudzula kapena ena kupatuka pa khalidwe yachibadwa amadziwika.

Chikhazikitso cha chiphunzitso

Chifukwa zodabwitsazi kugona pa mikangano pakati pa anthu. Manyazi chiphunzitso n'chakuti imalongosola malamulo ndi ophwanya malamulo amenewa amapereka chizindikiro (manyazi). Anthu amene alibe kutsatila malamulo ambiri amavomereza khalidwe amaonedwa deviants (anakana).

Manyazi Chiphunzitsochi unakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha ntchito ya dziko wotchuka akatswiri angapo: Edwin Lemerta, Howard Becker ndi Kay Erickson. Iwo onse a m'badwo chomwecho asayansi ntchito mu zoyambirira za m'ma XX. Komanso chopereka kwambiri chitukuko cha chiphunzitso anayambitsa Erving Goffman. Mbali yaikulu ya chiphunzitso chimenechi amakhulupirira kuti zochita zoipa za chikhalidwe kulibeko. zili Internal sikumangotikhudza adziwe. maganizo ofooketsa zimatengera yekha pa malamulowo, amene momasuka kulandira dziko palokha.

kupatuka chachikulu

Mu Chaanthu analandira mawonedwe kuti palibe "wamphamvu" ndi anthu "nthenda". Komanso, munthu aliyense akhoza wakhalidwe losalongosoka khalidwe m'dera iliyonse. Choncho, palibe ndi anthu pathologies. Munthu amaswa malamulo a pamsewu, winawake anapereka msonkho, ena hooligans pa machesi mpira.

manyazi chiphunzitso limatchula otchedwa kupatuka chachikulu. Awa ndi kuyan'anila za malamulo chikhalidwe, amene kuthawa pansi chidwi cha yazamalamulo chifukwa cha lightness ake ndi chizolowezi. Komanso, aziona "wabwino", "oipa" kanthu zimadalira zinthu zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, amayi ena mabungwe si chovomerezeka kuchita zimene zikhoza kuchitika kwa munthu, pamene m'mayiko ena mulibe malamulo otere. Nthawi zambiri khalidwe wakhalidwe losalongosoka anatsimikiza, malinga ndi olakwika misa. Mwachitsanzo, m'mayiko ambiri, anthu amawanena kuti maonekedwe effeminate ndi fano, ngakhale kwinakwake khalidwe si choletsedwa. Muyezo wa "zabwino", "oipa" likugwirizana ndi chilengedwe chikhalidwe cha munthu. Only kwa anthu amene ali ndi makhalidwe pafupi zimatengera kutsatira kaya khalidwe makamaka akuwadzudzula.

kupatuka yachiwiri

Kuika chizindikiro pa anthu ambiri kumatanthauza wokondwa kwambiri pa izo. Poyankha zimene anthu amapezeka sekondale khalidwe wakhalidwe losalongosoka. Munthu amene analandira chizindikiro amakhala ena mankhwala osokoneza bongo, chigawenga, ndi Wopempha, ndi zina zotero. D. zithandiza kumabwezera mmbuyo zina munthu makhalidwe. Anthu amene ankakhala nthawi yaitali ngati odindidwa, kuyamba kumanga moyo wawo wonse zochokera khalidwe ili.

manyazi chiphunzitso Ikufotokozanso khalidwe lililonse la anthu amene amapezeka mu gulu wakhalidwe losalongosoka. Tsiku lililonse kuona podzudzula anthu onse - ndi nkhawa kwambiri. Anthu ndi zolemba zoipa zambiri kupatutsa abwenzi, anzawo ndiponso achibale. Zoterezi yovuta anakumana maluso onse chikhalidwe cha munthu. Kodi munthu angachite imeneyi? Monga ulamuliro, izo amaphatikiza gulu wakhalidwe losalongosoka ndi anthu omwewo.

Manyazi ndi upandu

yowala kwambiri malo osonkhaniranapo mfundo amagwira ntchito kumidima. Anthu amene amapezeka mu chilengedwe, pafupifupi nthawi zonse kukhala ziwalo za gulu lalikulu amatsutsa momwe anthu onse a.

Kuchokera pa ndondomeko imeneyi, ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti upandu mwina zikuchitika chifukwa anthu stigmatizes olakwa akuwakana mu kagawo kakang'ono chigawenga chotero sakhala amapezeka mu ndende kubwerera ku moyo wabwinobwino. Chiphunzitso cha kunyozana pa milandu lero ali zambiri mbali. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ulamuliro ofanana kumabweretsa maonekedwe a subcultures achinyamata ndi counterculture.

Moyo ndi chizindikiro

Gulu ntchito nkusalidwa anthu chingabwere m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Koma zonsezi wamba zinathandiza ofanana chingatilimbikitse - kufuna kudziwa anzake matsoka. Zimakhala mwadongosolo, ndipo ngakhale timathandizidwa ndi boma ndi utumiki chikhalidwe zibonga olumala, okalamba, anthu akuvutika ndi kunenepa, ndi zina zotero. D.

Ena a magulu awa akhoza kukhala mu chinthu china. Mwachitsanzo, m'mayiko ambiri ndi dziko lawo anthu a Othandizira Zidakhwa. Iwo sanali kungobweretsa anthu amene akuyesetsa kuthana ndi zizolowezi zawo pamodzi. magulu zimenezi zimapereka mamembala awo chiphunzitso lonse - makhalidwe atsopano anafunika moyo wanga kubwerera mwakale.

Manyazi mu Chaanthu zingachitikenso pa maziko a dziko. Pankhaniyi, anthu amabwera pamodzi pa mfundo ya moyandikana. M'mizinda ikuluikulu, pali mbali yaing'ono ya dziko, ambiri a anthu amene kwambiri kapena zochepa kunja kwa Palestina.

"Tanthauzo Lake"

Nthawi zambiri, manyazi chikhalidwe kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti woyikidwa adzadziwire munthu angakhale osiyana kudziwa zoona zenizeni. zikusiyana Izi kumapereka chithunzi zoipa munthuyo. Munthu otere odana ndi chikhalidwe ayenera kuyembekezera kuthandiza magulu awiri okha a anthu. The choyamba - amene akumana ndi manyazi chomwecho. Za iwo tatchulazi.

Koma pali gulu lina. Izi otchedwa "kumvetsa." Anthu otere kuti "wamphamvu" anthu ankawachitira zake. Komabe, iwo sakufuna kuti apachike zolemba pa "akhate". M'malo mwake, 'amamvetsa "amatanthauza chonyamulira manyazi ndi chisoni. Ndi iwo, munthu amene akudwala chifukwa chosowa, kodi womasuka. "Amamvetsa" manyazi ndi sapotoza ena kulamulira anthu wotayika.

Contact ndi deviants

Chodabwitsa "kumvetsetsa" ndi chidwi Erving Goffman. Iye anafotokoza mtundu wa anthu mu bukhu lache, "manyazi". Malinga ndi ganizo loperekedwa, n'cholinga choti nkusuntha pafupi ndi okanidwa, munthu wamba ayenera kudutsa mantha aakulu - chinachake kuti amulola kuyang'ana ozungulira kwenikweni diso.

Nkusalidwa zovuta kupita ku kukhudzana ndi anthu m'magulu wina. Mwachitsanzo, "oipa" mwana, kuchotsedwa makampani anzawo, angakhale kumawombera iye akuyesera kukhazikitsa ubale wina uliwonse. Izi masoka maganizo chitetezo cha chilengedwe, chifukwa ambiri a kotentha. Munthu aliyense asocial kenako wotaya asamangochita zimene akufuna ake. Pang'onopang'ono kovuta kupeza anthu ndi chinenero chimodzi. Choncho, ngakhale wochezeka anatsekula kuti munthu kudikira kanthawi ndi kuyesa kuona mtima kwawo. Ndipo pambuyo kuti adzatha aziwakhulupirira nkusalidwa.

Thomas Sheff Maganizo

Ganizo manyazi anali mmodzi wa waukulu ntchito sayansi Thomas Sheff. nkhani yolembedwa chachikulu - chimangidwe pa ziwalo zake anakhazikitsa ulamuliro chikhalidwe, zipangizo waukulu ndiwo ziletso ndi apatuka pa malamulo anavomera. Sheff anapitiriza kufufuza za akalambula ake. Iwo manyazi chiphunzitso Becker anakhudzidwa kwambiri.

Pa nthawi yomweyo Sheff anaphunzira chodabwitsa cha kunyozana mmene zawo. Zisanachitike, iye anaphunzira zambiri vuto matenda a maganizo ndi kusintha awo danga lotha. Ndipotu, Scheff zogwirizana kuwerenga maganizo ndi Chaanthu.

The kupatuka yotsalira

Ntchito Thomas Sheff manyazi chiphunzitso n'kukhala chiphunzitso cha kupatuka pa yotsalira. wolemba ankakhulupirira kuti matenda ambiri aubongo - zotsatira zotani chikhalidwe ndi kusankha munthu. Mawu maganizo - mmodzi wa mfundo za chiphunzitso yapadera chikhalidwe. Sheff lingaliro pambuyo rethinking Zamakhalidwe.

chikhalidwe Contemporary amakhala ndi chakuti anthu onse mu malo omwewo chikhalidwe mugawane pafupifupi mindset zomwezo. Malamulo amenewa ndi kuliika pa khalidwe la munthu paubwana maphunziro. Pofuna kuti mwana atengere chikhalidwe, makolo kuphunzitsa zonse maganizo ndi makhalidwe amene amaonedwa koyenera kuti moyo wathunthu mu anthu. "Oipa," mwana akhoza amakana kugonjera zikhomo awa, ndiyeno likukhalira kukhala kunja kwa anzake kulankhulana. Chimodzimodzi zomwezo ntchito ndi akuluakulu.

Nature zolakwika

Mu mabuku ndi nkhani Sheff ananena kuti matenda a misala - yekha ndi chinyezimiro cha kuchita kusankha mfundo. Lero, lingaliro limeneli lili kwambiri adani. Sheff anakana kuzindikira maganizo a mfundo thupi. Kuti ndi "chosayenerera" - kusankha ozindikira, monga chizolowezi chopatsa anthu moni bwino.

Mlengi wa chiphunzitso kumveka anasamala mwapadera kufunika kwa mpheto chikhalidwe maganizo anthu. Mwachitsanzo, ana mowirikiza anakumana ndi kusatsatira zimene iwo akufuna ndi zimene iwo saloledwa ndi zoletsedwa. njira zawo kusonyeza kusakhutira awo akulira. Pang'onopang'ono, ana kutenga mfundo za makhalidwe kuti kuphunzitsa makolo.

Pa zolakwika awo malire omwe bwino kuti kuwasiyanitsa mwakale. Pofuna kukhala pa ubwenzi, anthu nthawi zonse akukumbutsa yekha zabwino ndi zoipa. Mwachitsanzo, pa TV ndi manyuzipepala nthawi zonse akutchula za kuba, kupha ndi zolakwa zina. Anthu tsiku lililonse amatikumbutsa chisokonezo ndi upandu udindo kuphwanya malamulo.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, asayansi ena chikhalidwe tsopano kuyesa kuonetsa kuti anthu mofunitsitsa kapena mokangamiza akuzisunga kuchimwa, kupanga nthaka yachonde kwa iwo. Mwachitsanzo, m'ndende si kuthandiza munthu kusiya khalidwe lake wakhalidwe losalongosoka. M'malo mwake, wopalamulayo anamutsekera m'ndende omasuka chilengedwe, amene akutumikira monga malo umodzi wa anthu ku dziko chigawenga.

Manyazi ndi mtima

Akuluakulu, monga maganizo poyerekezera manyazi ndi kunyada ndi manyazi. Anthu zochita achilengedwe kuyankha ziletso chikhalidwe. Pankhaniyi ndi popanda mawu n'komwe tsiku kukwezedwa ndi malamulo oletsa. Ziletso mukhoza kulingalira. Owongolera manyazi ndi kunyada wa munthu m'gulu mphindi, akakhala ndi kosamugonjera kutsutsa mwachindunji a anthu.

Manyazi amapanga kutengeka wina - mkwiyo. Kufalitsa mphamvu awiriwa ali mu magawo atatu. Choyamba ndi chiwonongeko cha mgwirizano chikhalidwe, ndiye pakubwera kuphwanya kulankhulana ndi, potsiriza, izo zonse itha mkangano anthu. Akatswiri ambiri amavomereza kuti lamulo limeneli ndi wankhanza bwalo imene kuthawa n'zosathekadi, popanda kusintha khalidwe lanu. Pa yemweyo chidwi lingo la manyazi nthawi zambiri midadada kubwezeretsa ubale chikhalidwe "wamphamvu" ndi kumawanyoza. Nthawi zambiri akapsa anachita wa kupatuka.

Depression wakhalidwe losalongosoka

Pamene nkusalidwa mwa munthu kulandira chizindikiro, nthawi zambiri maganizo. muzu wake lagona mu kusowa ubale odalirika chikhalidwe. Wodwala maganizo munthu kulankhula izi zofunika kwa moyo wathunthu anawonongedwa. chikhalidwe kumachitika monga tawerenga kupitiriza kupatuka nkusalidwa ndi anthu onse.

Amabweretsera kumverera wakunja munthu, monga ulamuliro, ndi manyazi, kukwiya kapena chisoni. mbali ambiri sadziwa khalidwe zofewa mawu, diso kukhudzana kupeŵa, nkhawa, kuzengereza ndi kudzikonda mlandu.