Makwerero akunja: nyumba, kuika. Masitepe a pamsewu kwa nyumba zazing'ono ndi nyumba

Masitepe akunja angathe kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana mnyumbamo. Nyumba zoterozo zimakhala zopangidwa ndi matabwa, zitsulo, konkire, njerwa kapena zolemba. Kwenikweni luso lamakonzedwe la msonkhano likudalira pazinthu zawo komanso pamagwiritsidwe ntchito pakutha.

Mitundu yayikulu ya masitepe a pamsewu

Mtundu wotchuka kwambiri wa nyumba zotere ndi, ndithudi, khonde. Masitepe amenewa amapezeka pafupifupi nyumba iliyonse. Kuwonjezera pa zinyumba, kumalo osungirako ziwombankhanira angakumanenso:

• Kulowera kuchipinda chapamwamba kapena pansi pa sitimayi;
• Ozimitsa Moto.

Mu mawonekedwe a misewu yamtundu uwu ndi:

• Round;
• Choyimira;
• Trapezoidal.

Monga chithandizo cha masitepe pamsonkhano wa masitepe, nthawi zambiri Kosovars imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi zina amalowetsedwa ndi chingwe. M'mabwalo a nyumba zazing'ono ndi nyumba zokhalamo, masitepe opanda kapena opanda njinga akhoza kuikidwa. Malo a nyumbazi mogwirizana ndi nyumbayi ndi osiyana. Zokwanira zikhoza kukhala zikuluzikulu zakunja pafupi ndi nyumba, ndipo zimayikidwa mofanana ndi makoma kapena pangodya kwa iwo.

Mwa kukonza kumasiyanitsa masitepe oyendayenda ndi oyenda. Mitundu yoyamba imaonedwa kuti ndiyo yabwino kwambiri kugwira ntchito. Masitepe ndi masitepe opita ku chipinda chachiwiri kapena chipinda chapanyumba kawirikawiri amayendetsedwa. Zomangamanga sizigwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri m'mayendedwe. Awoneni makamaka malo omwe alibe malo okwanira maulendo osiyanasiyana.

Zozizwitsa zowoneka kunja zingakhoze kuwonedwa kokha m'mabwalo a zinyumba zapamwamba zinyumba. Koma nthawi zina iwo amawoneka m'nyumba zawo. Nyumba zoterezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka monga ozimitsa moto.

Maboma

Mizere ya masitepe a pamsewu, ngati mapazi okha, angapangidwe ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana: konkire, nkhuni, zitsulo. Zowonjezera zofunika kwa mipanda yoyenera mipanda ndi mphamvu ndi maonekedwe okongola. Pofuna kusonkhanitsa cholembera, sikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zomwezo monga kukonzekera. Motero, makwerero a konkire akhoza kuwonjezeredwa ndi zomangira zitsulo , makwerero a zitsulo , ndi zina zotero.

Kumalo osungirako katundu nthawi zambiri kumaperekedwa chimodzi chofunikira - ziyenera kukhala zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Choncho, chinthu ichi chimapangidwa ndi nkhuni. Dothi ndi bolodi amadziwika kuti ali ndi digsi yotsika yotentha. Chifukwa cha mbali imeneyi, zitsulo zamatabwa sizikutentha kutentha ndi chisanu.

Kuwonekera kwa masitepe akunja: kukonzedwa

Kusankhidwa kwa kapangidwe ka sitima kumafunika kuyandikira kwambiri. Ndiwo mapangidwe awo omwe kawiri kawiri amatsimikizira kuonekera kwa masitepe . Zipanda zamatabwa nthawi zambiri zimajambulidwa. Zipangizo zachitsulo zachitsulo ndizo zokongola kwambiri. Osati kuyang'ana moyipa ndi kumangiriza mipanda yamakono yothandizira, mwachitsanzo, ndi zipangizo monga polycarbonate kapena galasi losagwira ntchito.

Kukongoletsa makoma a makoma a miyala yokhala ndi miyala ya monolithic, miyala yamtengo wapatali kapena miyala yamakono nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi zina masitepe apansi a mtundu uwu amapangidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito mwala wachilengedwe. Kawirikawiri zimakhala granit kapena marble. Mu nyumba zamtengo wapatali kwambiri, kukonzetsa sitima za konkire kungatheke pogwiritsa ntchito jasper, coil, onyx, ndi zina zotero.

Kupanga masitepe

Kusankha kukonza masitepe, komanso chithandizo, chimadalira makamaka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Mapulani a matabwa mwa iwo okha amawoneka okongola kwambiri. Choncho, nthawi zambiri amangotidwa ndi varnishi yokonzedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito. Nthawi zambiri mapazi amtengo wapatali amakhala ndi nkhuni kapena amagwiritsa ntchito mphira kapena pulasitiki. Nyumba zachitsulo, monga miyala ya monolithic, imakhala ndi matalala a ceramic kapena miyala yachilengedwe.

Zofunikira za SNiP za miyeso

Inde, makwerero a misewu sayenera kukhala okongola komanso ogwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso otetezeka. Mukamanga nyumba zoterezi, miyezo ya SNiP ikutsatiridwa:

• Kutalika kwa makwerero sayenera kukhala pansi pa masentimita 90. Ngati ulendowu uli kale, anthu akuyandikira kwa iwo sangathe kufalitsa. Zokwanira pa mtengo wa zipangizo ndi zowonjezera ndilo kukula kwa makwerero mu mamita 1-1.5.
• Kuzama kwa masitepewo ayenera kukhala motero kuti amaika phazi la munthu akuyenda pansi pa masitepe. Malingana ndi miyezo, chiwerengerochi sichiyenera kukhala pansi pa masentimita 30. Kuti apange zipangizo zoterezi, ngodya yomwe ili ndi alumali ya masentimita 5-10 amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
• Paulendo umodzi, malinga ndi malamulo, sipangakhale masitepe oposa 18. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chiwerengero chochepa sichinali chokha.
• Kutalika kwapamwamba kwazuka pamakwerero omwe amachititsa osamalira nyumbayo ndi 15-20 cm.
• Kutalika kwazitsulo kumafunika kukhala masentimita 90. Musachoke mtunda wa masentimita oposa 15 pakati pa balusters. Ndikofunika kwambiri kutsatira lamuloli m'nyumba zomwe ana amakhala. Ana amakhala ofunitsitsa kwambiri ndipo pakakhala kuti mtunda wa pakati pa baluster uli wochuluka, iwo amatha kumangiriza mutu wawo pakati pawo ndi kumamatira.

Masitepe olowera ku bwalo lamtunda akhoza kukhala osayima kapena ogwirizana. Njira yotsirizayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyikitsira zokhazokha. Nyumba zomwe zimakonzedwa kuti zinyamuke ku chipinda chokhalamo kapena nyumba yachiwiri ziyenera kukhala zokhazikika.

Zomwe zimasonkhanitsa masitepe oyendetsa matabwa

Zojambula m'misewu ya zosiyanasiyanazi nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku pine. Mitengo yotereyi imasiyanasiyana, kuyimitsa chinyezi ndi ultraviolet ndipo nthawi yomweyo sikopwera mtengo kwambiri. Monga chithandizo cha masitepe a masitepe a matabwa, Kosovars nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mayendedwe a ku Kosovars amawonekera bwino komanso okongola. Komabe, n'zovuta kusonkhanitsa makwerero amenewa. Limirani mapiritsi akuluakulu omwe mumadutsa m'munsi mwa zitsulo zomwe zili pansi pa masitepe. Mphetoyi imangokhala yofanana ndi wina ndi mzake. Thandizo lazitsulo pamene amagwiritsidwa ntchito limapangidwa ndi matabwa. Nkhaniyi imangopangidwa ndi zingwe zomwe zimachokera mkati mkati mwazitsulo zina.

Masitepe akunja kupita kumtunda wachiwiri kapena ku chipinda chapamwamba akhoza kusonkhanitsidwa kuchokera maulendo awiri kapena atatu. Pankhaniyi, mapulaneti apakati amasonkhanitsanso kuchokera ku bolodi.

Mbali za msonkhano wa masitepe a zitsulo

Zojambula zoterozo zimasonkhanitsidwa pa zingwe. Ndipo nthawi zambiri chithandizo chokhacho (kuchokera pa njira) chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, chinayambika pakati pa ulendo. Pansi pa masitepe enieni pambaliyi mulipo zidutswa za ngodya. Nthawi zina, masitepe a zitsulo amakhala welded ndi oblique. Kuika zitsulo pazitsulo zoterezi ndi zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zothandizira.

Nyumba zamatabwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zodula kuposa matabwa. Choncho, nthawi zambiri kokha sitima yothamanga moto imagwiritsidwa ntchito pabwalo. Nthawi zina ngodya ndi kanjira, zomwe zimakhala zotalika kuposa nkhuni, zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pokonzekera maulendo opita ku chipinda chapamwamba kapena pansi. Zipindazi nthawi zambiri zimatsanulidwa kuchokera ku konkire kapena zimatulutsidwa kunja kwa matabwa.

Gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zazitsulo zazitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mabotolo. Miyendo ya nyumba zoterezi zingakhale zitsulo kapena zitsulo.

Kumanga masitepe a konkire

Pogwiritsa ntchito matabwa a simenti pamsewu nthawi zambiri ankatsanulira mapiri okhaokha. Choyambirira pansi pa zomangamanga zoterezi maziko olimba mwa mawonekedwe a konkire mtolo wapangidwa. Ndiye mawonekedwewa akukwera. Pambuyo pa gawo loyamba lidatsanulidwa, danga pakati pa nyumbayo ndi pansi pa nyumbayi ladzaza ndi dothi kapena zitsulo komanso mosamalitsa. Ndiye siteji yachiwiri imatsanuliridwa. The anapanga "nkhokwe" kachiwiri yokutidwa ndi wophwanyidwa mwala. Zotsatira za ntchito zoterezi zikuchitidwa kwa kutalika kwa khonde. Pa siteji yotsiriza, nsanjayi imatulutsidwa patsogolo pakhomo.

Thirani masitepe a simenti khonde lomwe linaikidwa ndi kulimbikitsa. Kuwongolera mu makulidwe awo, ndodo iyenera kuyendayenda m'mphepete mwa masentimita 20. Izi ndizofunikira kuti mtolo wa mafupawo ukwaniritsidwe ndi kumanga makoma a monolithic a khonde. Zomalizazi zimatsanuliranso ku ntchitoyi.

Gwetsani makwerero a msewu

Zomangamanga za mtundu uwu, komanso kuyendayenda, ndi manja awo siziyimira zovuta zapadera. Chinthu chachikulu chothandizira pa masitepe othamanga ndizamphamvu kwambiri. Miyendoyi imayikidwa pamtunduwu pogwiritsa ntchito zikhazikitso zapadera. Iwo ali ndi mawonekedwe a trapezoid. Yang'anani masitepe ozungulira kwambiri masiku ano ndi oyambirira kuposa oyendayenda. Komabe, iwo ndi otsika kwa chitetezo cha kayendedwe.

Zingakhale zotani

Mu staircase iliyonse, chofunikira kwambiri ndi, ndithudi, ndondomeko iyi yokondweretsa. Mayendedwe onse mu ulendo ayenera kukhala ofanana mofanana. Masitepe a sitima nthawi zambiri amangokhala "osamva." Muzitsulo zamatabwa ndi zitsulo (mbali yowonekera) nthawi zambiri salipo. Zomangamanga zotere ndi zotsika mtengo. Komabe, masitepe opanda magawo a podium ndi olimba komanso odalirika kuposa "ogontha".

Nthawi zina zimakhala kuti palibe malo okwanira kukhazikitsa malowa poika maulendo omanga. Pankhaniyi, masitepe amathandizidwa ndi masitepe. Mbali imodzi ya iwo kale, inayo - yowonjezera. Izi ziri, mwa mawonekedwe iwo amafanana ndi magawo a ziphuphu zomangira.

Inde, chinthu chofunikira ichi pa makwerero, kaya chili chonse chotani, chiyenera kukhala champhamvu kwambiri. Makamaka, muyenera kusankha mosamala zinthu zazitali monga masitepe apansi a matabwa. Kutalika kwa bolodi la masitepe ayenera kukhala osachepera 2.5-3 masentimita. Ikani izo ku zingwe kapena zingwe zokha ndi mabotolo. Zojambula zojambula sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa nkhaniyi. Popanda kutero, masitepewo adzamasuka mofulumira ndikuyendayenda masitepe adzakhala osatetezeka.