Chuma ndi chikaiko zakuthupi?

Chuma - ndi kayendedwe nzeru zaumunthu, amene akana akamanena zinthu mwauzimu, chodalira makamaka pa zamoyo zinachita chigawo mu Genesis kunja, poyerekezera ndi munthu, dziko. Mbali khalidwe la njira yotere kukana kwathunthu kwa Mulungu alipo komanso zinthu zina apamwamba.

Komanso, materialists, ndikofunika kumvetsetsa zochuluka kwambiri za akamanena za njira chikuchitika angati kufufuza logic ndi malongosoledwe-zabodza sayansi anayambira, kuli malo thupi. Mwanjira imeneyi tikhoza kunena kuti chuma - chiphunzitso cha dziko thupi ndi zinthu za m'dziko lino. Yerekezerani kuti: chabe ya amayi ake a Mwambamwamba pervosuschnosti abwino (ziribe kanthu zimene mawonekedwe ali) yomwenso chachikulu ndi pochita abwino, kufunafuna Mulungu mwa yekha. M'mawu ena, kwa anthu a chuma zofunika gulu - dziko thupi monga mfundo cholinga, chifukwa idealists - munthu "Ine" monga ziyerekezo wauzimu wa mphamvu apamwamba.

chikumbumtima anthu ndi sayansi ya dziko

Akana mfundo zauzimu kwachititsa chakuti materialists, kuyambira Kubadwa Kwatsopano, kunali koyenera mwanjira kulowa chikumbumtima anthu mu zamoyo zinachita sayansi zenizeni tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndiyeno pali vuto, chifukwa worldview Mkhristu sangachoke kwathunthu kukana Mulungu chikhalidwe cha munthu. zokolola inapezeka Kufunafuna abwino abwino zikuyenela - mu njira iyi humanists anapita, kutembenuzira mu nzeru za chuma mu zinachitika chiphunzitso ndale komanso. Kenako anzeru French mwapereka yekha anayesa ndi kuyesedwa lingaliro mu protosovremennye chiphunzitso cha lamulo ndi lamulo ladziko. Chuma - ndi chikhalidwe ndi lamulo. amaona kuti angathe anasankha nyengo ya zaka 15-18.

njira ziwiri

Chitsitsimutso chuma bwino anafunsa kuti: kodi pulayimale ndi chiyani sekondale? Kunapezeka kuti chuma - si kufufuza malamulo onse a chitukuko cha chikhalidwe, komanso mtima kukhala enieni kwambiri, woyamba dzanja kumvetsa dziko. Zotukwana chuma anafuna nkhani primordial zoona, zinali kupitiriza mwambo Greek (Democritus, Empedocles). Amacita chuma anachokera mfundo makina Pofotokoza za malamulo cholinga kunja kwa chikumbumtima anthu alipo. Komabe, zodabwitsa, ndi zogwirizana chuma polumikizira kudzera chuma dialectical afika potsimikiza kuti chikhalidwe phenomenological pa nkhaniyi. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, yomwe pamapeto pake kunapangitsa V. Lenin, ife tikupeza kuti zenizeni ozungulira - izo zangokhala lingaliro kuti alipo mu malingaliro athu, ndi chikumbu palokha - cholinga chenicheni. Ndipo uyu, nayenso, zinatanthauza kuti dziko kunja angathe kutikonza m'chifanizo chake ndi chikhalidwe. Chifukwa, malo a Mulungu anatenga munthuyo, amene makamaka akuonekera bwino mu Soviet Marxism.

Cartesian kukayika

Komanso, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chiphunzitso cha chuma kwambiri udasintha Descartes anayambitsa mfundo wake wa kukayika. Kunapezeka kuti mfundo zonse zomveka wa materialists Komabe zina za akatswiri asapitirire bwalo zomveka: ngati inu kuzindikira mbali ya kutsitsimuka kwa dziko cholinga, adziŵa dziko cholinga n'chotheka kudzera kuzunza munthu. Kuthetsa Vutoli - ndi kuvomereza zinthu zina kuchita osati kulibe mwachikulu, komanso kukhulupirira iwo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti gwero la lingaliro lililonse chuma n'zosatheka malo nzeru zapamwamba yekha.