Nzeru Bacon a. nzeru yamakono ya Francis Bacon

Woganiza woyamba amene akudziwa katswiri wa maziko nzeru - Frensis Bekon. Iye, pamodzi ndi René Descartes ankalengeza mfundo kwa masiku ano. nzeru Bacon a wafunsira malamulo chachikulu Western ndinaganiza: chidziwitso - mphamvu. Ndi mu sayansi, anaona chida champhamvu kwa zisinthe pang'onopang'ono. Koma anali ndani nzeru zapamwamba wotchuka, ndicho chiphunzitso chake?

Childhood ndi unyamata

Woyambitsa wa makono nzeru Bacon anabadwa pa twente-wachiwiri January 1561 ku London. bambo ake anali nduna achikulire pa bwalo la Elizabeth. Zinkakhalira pa maphunziro makolo mosakayikira mukopedwe achinyamata Francis. Pa khumi anam'tumiza Utatu College pa University Cambridge. Patatha zaka zitatu anam'tumiza Paris monga mbali ya ntchito achifumu, koma mnyamata posachedwa anabwerera chifukwa cha imfa ya bambo ake. Mu England, wachita jurisprudence, ndi bwino kwambiri. Komabe, iye ankaona kuti ntchito bwino malamulo monga ponyamukira kuti ntchito zandale ndi anthu. Mosakayikira, nzeru zonse zina za Francis Bacon anakumana maganizo a nthawi imeneyo. Kale mu 1584 iye anali woyamba kusankhidwa Nyumba ya Commons. Pa bwalo la James Stewart Woyamba panali nyamuka mofulumira wandale wamng'ono. Mfumu anadandaula kuti tithe ambiri, mphoto ndi apamwamba.

ntchito

nzeru Bacon ali umakhudza ulamuliro wa Mfumu James Woyamba. Mu 1614 mfumu kusungunuka nyumba yamalamulo kwathunthu ndi malangizo kwenikweni payekha. Komabe, kufunika alangizi, Yakobo atazunguliridwa yekha ndi Sir Francis. Pofika 1621, Bacon anaikidwa Ambuye High Chancellery, Baron Verulam, Viscount Saint Albania, woyang'anira chisindikizo wachifumu, ndi membala aulemu a otchedwa Council atamva. Pamene mfumu akadali kunali koyenera kuti adzathe anasonkhanitsa yamalamulo, aphungu simukhululukira okwera zimenezi zimakhalira kale wazamalamulo, ndipo anatumizidwa ku pantchito. Iye anafa lopambana nzeru zapamwamba ndi wandale chinayi April 1626.

nyimbo

M'zaka za utumiki bwalo zovuta nzeru wazotsatira wa Francis Bacon kusanduka kuyamika amaganizira sayansi, malamulo, makhalidwe abwino, chipembedzo, ndi chikhalidwe. zolemba ulemerero wolemba yake woganiza kwambiri ndipo anayambitsa chenicheni cha nzeru lonse la masiku ano. Mu 1597 anafalitsa pepala loyamba mutu wakuti "Zokumana Nazo ndi malangizo", umene unali ndiye kawiri atha ndipo tinalisindikizanso nthawi zambiri. Mu 1605 ndinaona kutulutsidwa kwa nkhani yakeyo "Pa tanthauzo ndi kupambana kwa kudziwa, Mulungu ndi anthu." Atachoka ku malamulo a Frensis Bekon, makoti sipangakhalenso m'zimene zambiri zamakono nzeru, odzipereka kafukufuku maganizo. Mu 1629 inasindikizidwa "New Organon" ndipo mu 1623 - "Pa ubwino ndi kuwongola wa sayansi." The nzeru za Bacon, ndi tezisno zafotokozedwa mwachidule mu mawonekedwe ophiphiritsa kumvetsa bwino misa, kumaonekera buku zosatheka "New Atlantis." ntchito zina zazikulu:. "Kumwamba", "Pa maziko ndi zifukwa", "Mbiri ya Mfumu Henry pa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri," "History imfa ndi moyo"

The nkhani yolembedwa chachikulu

Onse sayansi zikuyenela maganizo a masiku ano mwachidwi, nzeru za Bacon. Fotokozani lonse la misa ndi zovuta, koma tikhoza kunena kuti cholinga chachikulu cha ntchito za wolemba ichi ndi kukhala ndi kulankhulana bwino pakati pa maganizo ndi malingaliro a zinthu. Ndi malingaliro - chapamwamba kwambiri muyeso wa phindu. Nzeru ya Age Chatsopano ndi Choonadi, mwakuchita Bacon, limatsindika makamaka pa malangizo mfundo wosapindulitsa ndi wosamvetsetseka, amene ntchito mu sayansi ndi. Choncho kufunika kwa "maonekedwe atsopano kusamalira zinthu ndi kuthera kubwezeretsedwa kwa Tirhana na Sciences ndi lonse nzeru za anthu."

sayansi Mwachidule

Frensis Bekon, amene makoti kuti ntchito pafupifupi onse, anthu otchuka a masiku ano, ankakhulupirira kuti sayansi kuyambira nthawi ya Agiriki akale ndi patsogolo kwambiri kumvetsetsa ndi kuphunzira zachilengedwe. Anthu akhala zochepa nkhawa mfundo choyambirira limaphunzitsa. Choncho, nzeru za Bacon limati ana a kulabadira chitukuko cha sayansi ndi kulipanga kusintha miyoyo yawo. Anatsutsa tsankho za sayansi, kufunafuna kuzindikira kufufuza ndi ofufuza. Iwo anayamba ndi kusintha wake mwadzidzidzi chikhalidwe European, ndi chifukwa cha malingaliro ake anakulira m'madera ambiri a nzeru ano. makalasi Science wa Muzisamala pamaso pa anthu a ku Ulaya wayamba yapamwamba ndi zofunika m'dera chidziwitso. Pa nkhani imeneyi, anthu ambiri anzeru, asayansi ndi anzeru ndi "mapazi" a Bacon. Mu malo scholasticism, amene anali kwathunthu analekana ndi makhalidwe luso ndi nzeru za chilengedwe, pakubwera sayansi kuti kumagwirizana ndi nzeru ndi zachokera zatsopano yeniyeni ndi zokumana nazo.

mapangidwe maganizo

M'buku lake "Great kubwezeretsa Sciences" Bacon bwino ndinaganiza ndipo dongosolo malangizo kusintha dongosolo lonse la maphunziro: Ndalama zake, chiyanjo cha malangizo ndi malamulo, ndi zina zotero. Iye anali mmodzi wa oyamba andale ndi nzeru ena, amene lolunjika pa kufunika kwa njira kupereka chuma maphunziro ndi kuyesera. Bacon ananenanso kufunika kubwereza mapulogalamu kuphunzitsa yunivesite. Ngakhale tsopano, kudziwana ndi maganizo a Bacon, akhoza wodabwa kuya kwa nzeru ngati States, wasayansi ndi woganiza: pulogalamu ya "Great kubwezeretsa Sciences" zogwirizana ndi tsiku lino. N'zovuta kulingalira momwe chosintha m'zaka za chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. Zinali "m'ma asayansi aakulu ndi asayansi atulukira," Sir Francis kudzera m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri mu England. Kuti ndi nzeru za Bacon anakhala wotsogolera wa amalanga zamakono monga Chaanthu, zachuma a sayansi ndi sayansi ya sayansi. Chopereka chachikulu cha nzeru zapamwamba izi mchitidwe ndi chiphunzitso cha sayansi kuti anaona kufunika kubweretsa sayansi pansi maziko methodological ndi nzeru za anthu. nzeru Francis Bacon amayang'anira pa kaphatikizidwe wa sayansi onse mu dongosolo limodzi.

zosiyanasiyana za sayansi

Sir Francis analemba kuti gulu loyenerera kwambiri nzeru za anthu - mugawo ili mu atatu luso lachibadwa la moyo zomveka. History mu chithunzi ichi limafanana ndi kukumbukira, nzeru - ndi maganizo, ndi ndakatulo ndi m'maganizo. History lagawidwa boma ndi masoka. Ndakatulo lagawidwa parabolic, zochitikazi ndipo yadzaoneni. Kwambiri kufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane gulu la anthu, amene magawo subspecies ambiri ndi mitundu. Bacon komanso umawalekanitsa iwo ku "zamulungu ouziridwa ndi Mulungu," omwe amapezeka kokha azaumulungu ndi azamulungu. Philosophy lagawidwa zachilengedwe ndi transcendent. Chipika woyamba zikuphatikizapo chikhalidwe zochita: sayansi metaphysics, zimango, masamu. Ndi iwo amene munapanga msana wa chodabwitsa, monga nzeru za masiku ano. Bacon lonse ndipo ambiri ndipo amaganiza za munthu. Ndi chiphunzitso cha malingaliro za thupi (izi zikuphatikizapo mankhwala, zamijaha, zojambulajambula, nyimbo, zodzoladzola), ndi chiphunzitso za moyo, imene ali Ndime zambiri. Pamafunikanso mabuku okhudza chikhalidwe, logic (kuloweza chiphunzitso, anapeza, chiweruzo) ndi "sayansi woganizirana" (womwenso chiphunzitso ubale malonda, chikhalidwe cha bolodi). Complete gulu Bacon sasiya popanda kuganizira yoyenera aliyense wa minda womwe unalipo kale chidziwitso kanthawi.

"New Organon"

The nzeru za Bacon, ndi tezisno zafotokozedwa mwachidule pamwamba, ukufalikira mu buku lotchedwa "The New Organon". Umayamba ndi kusinkhasinkha chakuti munthu - wotanthauzira zachilengedwe ndi wantchito, amamvetsa ndipo amachita, amadziwa chikhalidwe cha kuganiza kuti kapena pochita zinthu. The nzeru za Bacon ndi Descartes chake leni chi, ndi chida chatsopano mu chitukuko cha ganizo dziko, monga amasonyeza pomwe ya sayansi, kuwonongedwa kotheratu malingaliro onama ndi "mizukwa", limene, mogwirizana ndi anzeru awa, kwambiri atayamba malingaliro a munthu ndi kulimbikitsidwa izo. Mu "New Organon" akufotokoza maganizo akale akale mpingo ndi njira ankaonetsetsa maganizo ndi mavuto kwambiri, ndi mtundu uwu wa nzeru (komanso njira zogwirizana kufufuza) ndi opanda ungwiro. nzeru Bacon anaima pa mfundo yakuti njira ya chidziwitso ndi kovuta kwambiri, monga chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe, ngati ndikuyenda zimene mukufunika kugwira ntchito njira zanu, ndi misewu yomwe zosiyanasiyana ndipo nthawi zambiri zosocheretsa. Ndipo amene nthawi zambiri amatsogolera anthu njira izi okha zambiri kupatuka pa iwo ndi kuonjezera chiwerengero cha yosokera ndi zosokera. N'chifukwa chake pali kufunika kokhala ndi kumaona mfundo kudziŵa latsopano la sayansi ndi zinachitikira. Philosophy Bacon ndi Descartes, kenako kukhazikitsa Spinoza anamanga yofunika kapangidwe ndi kuphunzira njira. Ntchito yoyamba pano ndi kuyeretsa maganizo, anatulutsidwa ndi kukonzekera ntchito yolenga.

"Mizukwa" - ndichiyani?

nzeru Bacon akulankhula za kuyeretsa kwa malingaliro anabwera chowonadi, chimene ndi kuvumbula atatu: Posonyeza kwaiye ndi maganizo a anthu, nzeru ndi umboni. Choncho, kusiyana ndi amene adapangidwa pakati anayi ndi "Mzimu". Ndi chiyani icho? kulowererana uku amene amachepetsa woona, chikumbumtima choona:

1) "mizukwa" mtundu omwe maziko umunthu, mu chikhalidwe cha anthu, "Fuko";

2) "mizukwa" m'mapanga, i.e. zinyengo makamaka munthu kapena gulu la anthu, amene amayamba ndi "phanga" aliyense payekha kapena timagulu (i.e., "dziko laling'ono");

3) The "mizukwa" msika, amene mapulaniwo mgwirizano pakati pa anthu;

4) "mizukwa" a m'bwalo la masewera, ndi kuikidwa moyo wa malamulo zokhota ndi mbalume.

Zonsezi ayenera kuchotsedwa ndi akutsutsa chipambane chifukwa pa tsankho. Ndi ntchito chikhalidwe ndiponso maphunziro ndi maziko a chiphunzitso cha mtundu uwu kusokonezedwa.

"Mizukwa" mtundu

nzeru Bacon ndi kupitiriza kusamala kuti kusokonezedwa chibadidwe munthu akuganiza kuti umafuna amanena pachilichonse kwambiri ndi dongosolo la zinthu kuposa atha kupezeka mu chikhalidwe. malingaliro amamuchititsa chongopeka kusintha deta watsopano ndipo mfundo kuti agwirizane zikhulupiriro zawo. Munthu amapereka ndi mikangano kwambiri kwambiri kunyezimira. Limited odziwa ndi ubale ndi dziko la mphamvu ya kulingalira - vuto la nzeru za M'badwo Watsopano kuti anthu anzeru kwambiri ndipo anayesa kuthetsa ndi mabuku ake.

"Mizukwa" phanga

Uka kwa kusiyana pakati pa anthu: anthu ena ngati sayansi makamaka, ena sachedwa philosophizing ndi maganizo ambiri, ena amaona chidziwitso wakale. Kusiyana amene chichokera makhalidwe munthu, kwambiri kungasokoneze chidziwitso ndi molakwika.

"Mizukwa" msika

Izi ndi chipatso cha asamadye mayina ndi mawu. Malinga Bacon, choncho ochokera mbali nzeru ano, amene umalimbana kulimbana zosiyidwa sophistic, mwa mawu sparring ndi spores. Maudindo ndi mayina angaperekedwe kwa zinthu si sakupezeka, ndipo pa nthawiyi kulenga chiphunzitso, abodza ndi kanthu. Pa nthawi ya zopeka amakhala weniweni, ndipo zimenezi zanzi kumvetsa polojekitiyi. Kwambiricho "mizukwa" kukula mwa mbuli ndi zoipa chinthu, amene anayikidwa mu ntchito za sayansi ndi zothandiza.

"Mizukwa" Theatre

Iwo mkatikati mwachinsinsi mu malingaliro, ndipo kuchokera malamulo matsutso ndi mfundo za chabe ndi zazindikirika ndi ena. nzeru Bacon a m'gulu la "mizukwa" mitundu la zamasewero ku maganizo olakwika ndipo maganizo (empiricism, sophistry ndi zamatsenga). Pakuti chizolowezi ndi sayansi, amene amayamba ndi aliuma ndipo motsimikiza kutsatira empiricism wanzeru kapena akamabadwa nkhambakamwa, pali nthawi zonse zotsatira zoipa.

Chiphunzitso cha njira: lamulo loyamba

Frensis Bekon amatanthauza anthu amene maganizo ndi lili mu chizolowezi ndi chidwi ndi iye, amene sakuona kufunika kwa dismemberment wa chithunzi kwathunthu kwa chilengedwe ndi njira zonse kuganizira za dzina la wina ndi lonse. Ndi kupyolera mwa "kugawikana", "kulekanitsidwa", "kudzipatula" zimapanga chikhalidwe cha njira ndi matupi akhoza kukhazikitsa yokha wosagawanika chilengedwe.

Chiphunzitso cha njira: chofunika chachiwiri

ndime iyi n'chakuti limatchula za "dismemberment". Bacon ankakhulupirira kuti magawano - si cholinga koma njira kwambiri zosavuta ndi losavuta zigawo tingaone. Nkhaniyi apa ayenera kukhala zenizeni ndi thupi yophweka, monga ngati iwo anali "lotseguka kwa chikhalidwe chawo mu njira wamba za izo."

Chiphunzitso cha njira: lamulo lachitatu

Fufuzani chikhalidwe yosavuta, chiyambi yophweka, monga anafotokoza Frensis Bekon, sizitanthauza kuti ndi nkhani yowona matupi, particles kapena zochitika. Zolinga ndi zokhumba za sayansi ndi zambiri zovuta: ndikofunikira kuti adzathe kuyang'ana pa chikhalidwe, kupeza mawonekedwe ake, kufunafuna gwero la kupoletsa chikhalidwe. Tikuyankhula zokhudza kutsegula Lamulo lotero, chomwe chingathe kukhala maziko a ntchito ndi chidziwitso.

Chiphunzitso cha njira: chofunika chachinayi

nzeru Bacon amati woyamba wa zonse muyenera kukonzekera mbiri "experimental ndi masoka". M'mawu ena, m'pofunika kuti atchule ndi mwachidule chifukwa chimene chikhalidwe amati. Ubongo ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti palokha, ndipo ndi makina. Ndipo mu ndondomeko imeneyi n'kofunika kusankha malamulo methodological ndi mfundo zimene azitha kuphunzira wazotsatira kukhala kumvetsa chenicheni cha chikhalidwe.

malingaliro Social ndi othandiza

Palibe angasokoneze nyota za Sir Francis Bacon monga wandale ndi States. Kuchuluka kwa ntchito yake chikhalidwe anali yaikulu, izo zikanakhala wakuti akatswiri ambiri a m'zaka chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu mu England. Iye amayamikira okonza ndi zoyambitsidwa makina, amene, mu maganizo ake, si ofanana ndi zinthu zauzimu ndi qualitatively zambiri zimakhudza zochitika za anthu. Monga chuma kuti amakhala mtengo anthu, motsutsana ndi abwino ankaonetsetsa moyo wosasangalala. Luso ndi kupanga mphamvu za anthu mosayang'anira ovomerezeka Bacon, komanso chitukuko luso. Iye ali ndi maganizo abwino kwa lamakono ndi nkhani zachuma, zomwe kudzakhala khalidwe akatswiri ambiri wotsatira wa nthawi. Frensis Bekon molimba mtima amathandiza kukula kwa madera, limapereka malangizo mwatsatanetsatane sabweretsa chisoni ndi "chilungamo" kulamulira. Monga wophunzira mwachindunji ndale British, amalankhula kwambiri zochita za mafakitale ndi makampani malonda. Umunthu yosavuta woonamtima ndi wabizinesi, akhama wazamalonda chimapangitsa chifundo Bacon a. Iye amapereka kwambiri malangizo pa njira kwambiri uweme ndikusankha ndi njira patsogolo munthu. Chingatithandize kuti zachiwawa misa ndi zipolowe, komanso umphawi, Bacon amaona mfundo kusintha, ang'ono tcheru anthu ku zosowa za anthu ndi kuonjezera chuma cha anthu. njira yeniyeni iye akuonetsa - banjali msonkho, kutsegula kwa ochita malonda atsopano, kusintha kwa zamanja ndi ulimi, chingalimbikitse manufactures.