Akamanena za munthu ndi maganizo a nzeru za European

Zikamera wa Chikhristu chasanduka kumvetsa nzeru zaumunthu wa mavuto - m'malo mokhala mbali ya chilengedwe chonse ngati momwe zinalili kwa Kale, iye wabwera zatenga malo makamaka kupatsidwa kwa iye ndi Mulungu. Pa dzanja limodzi, izo analengedwa ndi Mulungu kwa utumiki wapadera, ina - anali kulekana naye chifukwa cha kugwa. Choncho, ganizo zachipembedzo ndi mazana oyambirira a m'nthawi yathu ino ndicho munthu unsembe wa dualistic, kugawanika. Nthanthi wachikhristu wa Ages Middle izo chogwidwa ndi chiphunzitso kuti Mulungu ndi anthu chikhalidwe ndi chimodzimodzi mu chifanizo cha Khristu. Khristu anakhala munthu, kosalekeza kuti Mulungu, ndipo nthawi yomweyo munthu aliyense pamaziko a familiarizing ndi chisomo, kubwera kwa Khristu.

Izi ndi malo apadera kwambiri m'chilengedwe chonse, pakati pa vale wa chisoni ndi Mulungu wachitira anthu anzeru a Kubadwa Kwatsopano Motero "microcosm", amene adakhulupirira, mwachindunji zokhudzana macrocosm (ndipo mu machesi ichi onse pantheism ndi zongoganiza Christian). Kungoganiza kuti munthu, palibe amene angakhale ndi, ndipo Nikolay Kuzansky, Paracelsus, Boehme ndipo anati "macrocosm ndi microcosm -. Ndicho chimodzi" Komabe, watsopano European rationalism mosiyana kunayambitsa funso lakuti kodi akamanena za munthu. Popeza Descartes chapatsogolo tanthauzo zidayika kuganiza, chifukwa limatchula za rationalism kukhala anthu kuwona izo mu malingaliro. Ngati Descartes Choncho anamuwona mu ubale pakati pa zigawo zakuthupi ndi zauzimu ndi paralellizm psychophysical, ndi Leibniz akaziwo limodzi. Chenicheni, chifukwa La Mettrie, anatipatsa aphorism zotere "munthu makina", monga nzeru zapamwamba French ankakhulupirira kuti munthu ali ofanana ndi chikumbumtima, anatani zimene zikuchitika kunja ndi mkati.

M'zaka za m'ma XVIII, vuto la "akamanena za munthu kuti alipo," anakhala mmodzi wa mafunso ofunika aumunthu. Mwachitsanzo, Kant atuluka kutanthauzira dualistic wa munthu wololera, otsata "universes" osiyana - zachilengedwe kufunika ndi makhalidwe abwino. Iye aitana Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa zonse zimene zimapangitsa umunthu, ndi pragmatics - kodi cholengedwa zomveka amachita kapena mphamvu yakulikoka ku yokha. Komabe, nthumwi za nzeru za Agiriki la Germany analandidwa chitsanzo chizindikiro cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano (monga woweta, Goethe, kumbali ya "nzeru zachibadwa za romanticism"). Woweta kuti munthu - ichi ndi womasulidwa woyamba wa chilengedwe chifukwa maganizo ake si malamulo monga nyama, ndipo amatha kulenga chikhalidwe, ndipo ngakhale Novalis otchedwa mbiri ya Anthropology ntchito.

Mu Philosophy Hegel ya Mzimu amachokera chikhalidwe kuyambira Kubwera kwa munthu zomveka. Akamanena za munthu monga Hegel amadzipweteka yekha kumvetsa Lingaliro Mtheradi. Poyamba, iye akadziwa yokha monga zotengera malingaliridwe (Anthropology, phenomenology, kuwerenga maganizo); ndiye - ngati cholinga (malamulo, makhalidwe abwino, chikhalidwe); ndipo potsiriza monga Mzimu mtheradi (zojambulajambula, chipembedzo ndi nzeru). Ndi mbiri ya otsiriza anamaliza chitukuko cha maganizo ndi mzimu monga Libwerere ku yokha, monga mwa chilamulo cha negation wa negation. Ambiri, nzeru German nthawi imeneyi, amakhulupirira kuti anthu ndi nzika za zinthu zauzimu, amene amalenga dziko la chikhalidwe, onyamula wa abwino wamba ndi wololera chiyambi.

Kale Feuerbach kudzudzulidwa Hegel, amadziwa munthu monga anthu chibadwidwe-corporeal. Marxism akubwera kulongosola za chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe mu "sapiens Homo" kumadalira pa mfundo za dialectical zakuthupi monism, powona kuti ngati chopangidwa ndi nkhani komanso moyo ntchito. Chinthu chachikulu - ndi chikhalidwe chikhalidwe cha munthu, ndi kuchotsedwa ubale onse chikhalidwe, Marx anati. XIX m'ma Polemeretsedwa Anthropology zopanda nzeru zachikunja, likusonyeza chofunikira ndi mphamvu kuti kugona kunja maganizo (maganizo, atero, etc.). Kutsogoza mderali Nietzsche akuganiza masewera mudzakhalanso ndi kutengeka, osati chifukwa ndi chikumbumtima. Kirkegor Chofunika amaona akuchita chifuniro, amene zoona, pali kubadwa anthu, ndi mwa zomwe wokhalapo achilengedwe amakhala munthu wauzimu.

Biosocial chikhalidwe cha munthu zimaoneka monga sizoona kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri, chifukwa anzeru a m'badwo wamakono kwambiri ndi munthu, mogwirizana ndi ziti ambiri nzeru za masiku ano amatchedwa personalistic. Malinga ndi iwo, munthu wokhalapo sangakhoze kusanduka maziko alionse ofunika. Kukana njira onse chikhalidwe ndi mechanistic, existentialism ndi personalism ali zimaŵetedwa ku madera osiyana ndi maganizo payekha (monga gawo la chikhalidwe ndi lonse chikhalidwe) ndi abwino (a auzimu apadera kukhalanso). Maganizo "nzeru za moyo" (Dilthey) ndi phenomenology (Gusserl) Anakhalanso maziko Anthropology nthanthi monga otaya osiyana (Scheller, Plesner, Geleen, "chikhalidwe Anthropology Rothakkera neri Al.). Ngakhale oimira Freudianism ndi masukulu ofanana khalidwe amakhalabe chilengedwe njira.