Mfundo dialectic: kapangidwe ndi wokhutira

Kukula mofulumira ndi sayansi ya chikhalidwe mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19 zasonyeza kuti analipo lofunika maziko methodological a sayansi ndi sanathenso pofotokoza malamulo onse a chitukuko cha chikhalidwe, chodabwitsa cha moyo.

Komanso, anapeza mavuto a chikhalidwe chikhalidwe, napempha kufotokoza sayansi ndi kutanthauzira. Zinkachitika mu sayansi nzeru kale akamabadwa ndi mfundo za pa dialectic Hegelian sanathe kupereka yankho la funso la malamulo mbiri ya chitukuko. The peculiarity wa kufunika njira yatsopano chinali chofunika kulongosola chilengedwe chonse, potengera malo pakati zakuthupi za umodzi wa dziko.

A chopereka kwambiri kuti pakhale njira dialectical Marx anayambitsa mu theka lachiwiri la atumwi wotsiriza, amene ali osauka view yakeyake zoyamba za dialectics, anati ankatsutsa nzeru ya Hegelian - Marxist dialectic zakuthupi khalidwe ankavala. Mtundu uwu wa dialectic wakhala pakati pa onse maganizo ndi mfundo za chuma za dialectics nthanthi anayamba kutanthauziridwa pamalo zakuthupi.

The dialectic, m'lingaliro kwambiri ambiri, chikuyimira njira zonse za nzeru ndi chiphunzitso, choncho zikuphatikizapo, monga zigawo zikuluzikulu za zomwe zili wa onse chiphunzitso ndi dongosolo mfundo malamulo ndi siyana, njira imene zili chiphunzitso ndi kuwuluridwa.

Zoyamba za dialectics motere:

Mfundo Kudziwa zikusonyeza njira chuma kuthetsa zofunika funso wa nzeru ndipo zikutanthauza kuzindikira kuti chikhalidwe cha lililonse chinthu alipo kunja kwa chikumbumtima anthu ndi kuwonetseredwa mu nokha. A chinyezimiro cha dziko mu chikumbumtima anthu akupezeka ndondomeko ya zochita za anthu, ndiye, kuganiza "amamvera" mutu ndi chinyezimiro cha chikumbumtima.

Mfundo dialectic ndipo zikuphatikiza monga mfundo comprehensiveness, akamanena za lomwe lili mu kuzindikira za zochitika ambiri ubale mu chilengedwe ndi anthu. Ngakhale onse a zinthu ndi anasiyanitsidwa ndi danga ndi nthawi Komabe, pali kugwirizana mozungulira pakati pawo, imakhudza katundu wawo ndi kusintha boma. The zovuta kwambiri kuti maubwenzi amenewa alipo anthu. Koma mfundo zimenezi siziyenera kutanthauziridwa yothandiza, chifukwa nzeru za anthu nthawi zonse wachibale sayenera lidzasanduka mtheradi. Apo ayi, dialectic likunyonyotsoka mu mbalume, imene amaphunzira ndi ikufotokoza zochitika zonse za chilengedwe yoposa kukhudza awo ndi chowonadi ndi kupitirira kumvetsa luso lawo kukhala.

Mfundo dialectical chitukuko kumafuna kulingalira dialectics kwambiri ndi sayansi. N'chifukwa chake anthu ambiri anzeru, kuganizira mfundo za dialectics amatchedwa mfundo ya chitukuko cha pakati. Mfundo imeneyi ndi zoona, integrates mfundo zina zonse ndipo limafotokoza zimakhudza awo ngati yofunika.

Maonekedwe a ndondomeko wotere katundu wa zinthu zakuthupi ndi zochitika, monga cholinga, nthawi atumiza, kuchititsa malamulo boma latsopano, irreversibility. Ndiko kunena kuti, izo anazindikira ubale wa zinthu zenizeni za kayendedwe ka zinthu zakuthupi ndiponso wauzimu. Zimenezi, zinagwira zosiyanasiyana dziko lili mu choona kuti gululi si nthawi zonse liniya, koma angaoneke ngati yokhotakhota, mathamangitsidwe kapena deceleration, etc. Mowonekera ndi losavuta chitsanzo cha ambiguity wotero pamaso pa mumaganiza kuwiri ku chitukuko - patsogolo ndi amayambiranso, omwe akuganizira Baibulo bwino chimatanthauza kuyenda mu dziko zakuthupi.