Magetsi Physics: khama zinachitikira, gulu

Magetsi Physics - chinachake chimene anakumana ndi aliyense wa ife. M'nkhaniyi tiona mfundo zikuluzikulu kugwirizana nazo.

magetsi ndi chiyani? Pakuti munthu sazidziwa bwinobwino amagwirizana ndi kung'anima kwa mphezi kapena mphamvu kotunga TV ndi makina ochapira. Iye amadziwa kuti ntchito magetsi magetsi. Kodi wina angathe iye amatiuza? About timadalira magetsi kukumbutsidwa mphamvu mizere. Wina akhoza tchulani zitsanzo zina zingapo.

Komabe, chifukwa magetsi ali zina, kupatula zoonekeratu, koma tsiku ndi tsiku zochitika zambiri. Onsewo ife timathandiza sayansi. Magetsi (ntchito, matanthauzo ndi kachitidwe) ife ndinayamba kuphunzira pasukulu. Ndipo timaphunzira zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa. Likukhalira, kugwedeza mtima, kuthamanga wothamanga akugona mwana ndi akuyandama nsomba - zonse kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi.

Ma elekitironi ndi mapulotoni

Tingamasulire mfundo zofunika kwambiri. Amazionera wasayansi ndi, magetsi sayansi kugwirizana ndi gulu la ma elekitironi ndi tinthu ena mlandu mu zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Choncho, kumvetsetsa za sayansi ndi chikhalidwe cha chodabwitsa cha chidwi kwa ife zimadalira mlingo wa nzeru za maatomu ndi constituent awo particles subatomic. Chinsinsi mfundo imeneyi ndi ma elekitironi ting'onoting'ono. Maatomu a chinthu chilichonse kupanga ma elekitironi chimodzi kapena zingapo kusuntha m'njira yosiyana kuzungulira pakati, monga m'mipita dziko dzuwa. Childs, chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi mu atomu ndi wofanana ndi chiwerengero cha mapulotoni mu phata la. Komabe, mapulotoni, pokhala chimalemera kwambiri kuposa ma elekitironi tinganene kuti ngati wanenedwa pa likulu la maatomu. Izi chitsanzo chosavuta kwambiri ndi maatomu yokwanira kufotokoza ndizosowa zochitika monga sayansi magetsi.

Kodi china chimene muyenera kudziwa? The ma elekitironi ndi mapulotoni ndi chimodzimodzi waukulu woyang'anira magetsi (koma chizindikiro zosiyana), kotero kuti azifunana. kuyang'anira purotoni ndi HIV ndi elekitironi - negative. Atomu ndi elekitironi ndi wamkulu kuposa kapena zosakwana mwachizolowezi, wotchedwa ion. Ngati atomu sikokwanira, iwo akutchedwa ion positive. Ngati muli ndi muyeso wa iwo, iwo akutchedwa ion negative.

Pamene ma elekitironi kusiya atomu kuti afikire ulamuliro positive. Elekitironi wopanda zosiyana ake - ndi pulotoni kapena chimachititsa kuti atomu wina, kapena kubwerera ku m'mbuyomu.

N'chifukwa ma elekitironi masamba atomu?

Ichi ndi chifukwa zifukwa zingapo. Ambiri n'chakuti pansi kugunda kwa kuwala kapena aliyense elekitironi kunja mu atomu kusuntha elekitironi akhoza n'kuthamangitsidwa kanjira kake. Kutentha amachititsa maatomu kuti oscillate mofulumira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ma elekitironi akhoza panamveka ku atomu ake. Mu zochita mankhwala, iwonso kusuntha kwa atomu kuti atomu.

Chitsanzo chabwino cha ubale wa ntchito mankhwala ndi magetsi minofu kutipatsa ife. ulusi awo mgwirizano pamene chizindikiro magetsi kwa wamanjenje dongosolo. Magetsi inawadutsa kumapangitsa zochita mankhwala a. Iwo kuyambitsa kuchepetsa minofu. Kunja chizindikiro magetsi nthawi zambiri ntchito chongopeka yotithandiza ntchito minofu.

madutsidwe

Mu ena zinthu ma elekitironi mchikakamizo cha kunja kwa thupi chimachititsanso munda magetsi momasuka kuposa ena. Iwo amanena kuti zomangira ndi madutsidwe wabwino. Iwo akutchedwa akuwauza. Zikuphatikizapo zitsulo kwambiri, mpweya otentha ndi zakumwa. Air, labala ndi mafuta, polyethylene ndi galasi makhalidwe magetsi. Iwo amatchedwa insulators ndi ntchito kutchinjiriza wa ochititsa wabwino. insulators abwino (mwamtheradi kuchititsa panopa) kulibe. Akamaziwononga, ma elekitironi amachotsedwa pa atomu iliyonse. Komabe nthawi zambiri, zinthu izi ndi zovuta kukwaniritsa kwa mfundo za maganizo, chinthu choterocho tinganene kuti si conductive.

Kudziwana ndi sayansi sayansi (Ndime "Magetsi"), timaphunzira kuti pali gulu lapadera la zinthu. Iwo semiconductors. Akuchita zinthu mwina monga dielectric, ndipo mwina - ngati akuwauza. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka monga: germanium, pakachitsulo, ndi okusayidi mkuwa. Chifukwa katundu wa semiconductors wapeza ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, angakhale vavu magetsi: monga valavu njinga tayala chimathandiza milandu kusunthira mu dera limodzi lokha. zipangizo amatchedwa rectifiers. Iwo ntchito amalandira kakang'ono wailesi, ndi zomera lalikulu mphamvu kutembenuza AC kwa DC.

Kutentha ndi mtundu wachisokonezo gulu la tinthu kapena maatomu ndi kutentha - muyeso wa mphamvu ya gululi (pa zitsulo kwambiri kunsi kayendedwe ka kutentha elekitironi amakhala looser). Izi zikutanthauza kuti kukana kuti ufulu kayendedwe ka ma elekitironi amachepetsa ndi kucheperachepera kutentha. Mu mawu ena, madutsidwe wa kuwonjezeka zitsulo.

superconductivity

Mu ena zinthu pa otsika kutentha kwambiri, kukana kuyenda za ma elekitironi kwathunthu Mwamsanga ndi ma elekitironi chindithandize chikudziwikabe kalekale. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa superconductivity. Pa kutentha ndi madigiri ochepa pamwamba ziro mtheradi (- 273 ° C) kuti zimawonedwa mu zitsulo monga malata, kutsogolera zotayidwa, ndi niobium.

Van De Graaff jenereta

maphunziro kumaphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana zatsopano ndi magetsi. Pali mozhestvo magudumu mitundu, mmodzi amene tikufuna, ndiponso. The accelerator Van De Graaff ntchito kupeza superhigh voteji. Ngati chinthu munali ndi owonjezera ayoni zabwino, kuika mu chidebe, ndiye mkati padziko otsiriza adzakhala ma elekitironi, ndi kunja - yofanana ayoni positive. Ngati tsopano kukhudza pamwamba lamkati la chinthu mlandu, ndiye ndidzadutsa pa ma elekitironi zonse kwaulere. Kunja kwa milandu zabwino kukhala.

Mu Van De Graaff ayoni zabwino kuchokera ku gwero chagwiritsidwa ndi conveyor lamba anakafika mkati malo zitsulo. Tepi chikugwirizana pamwamba lamkati la dera ndi wochititsa mu mawonekedwe a lokwera lapansi. The ma elekitironi zichokere pamwamba lamkati la dera la. Kumbali kunja kwake kuonekera ayoni positive. Zotsatira zake zimakhala patsogolo ndi ntchito magudumu awiri.

magetsi inawadutsa

Mu sayansi sukulu amaphatikizapo chinthu choterocho ngati magetsi. Ndi chiyani icho? The magetsi chifukwa lamulo la milandu magetsi. Pamene nyali ya magetsi olumikizidwa kwa batire, ndi anatembenukira, utuluke panopa pamodzi waya ku mtengo umodzi wa batire kwa nyali, ndiye kudzera tsitsi lake, moti kuwala, ndipo umabwereranso kwa waya yachiwiri mzati ena a batire la. Ukachita n'kuyamba adzatsegula dera la - magalimoto panopa mabasi ndi kuwala umachoka.

Chisonyezo cha ma elekitironi

Current nthawi zambiri ndi anatilamula zoyenda za ma elekitironi mu zitsulo kutumikira monga wochititsa lapansi. Onse ochititsa ndi ena zinthu zina zonse zidzachitika ena mwachisawawa m'gulu lawo, ngakhale panopa si ikuyenda. The ma elekitironi mu mankhwala akhoza kukhala mfulu, kapena mwamphamvu angongole. akuwauza wabwino ndi ufulu ma elekitironi amasamukira. Koma akuwauza osauka kapena insulators, ambiri a particles amenewa mokwanira mwamphamvu chokhudzana ndi ma atomu amene kumathandiza m'gulu lawo.

Nthawi zina zachilengedwe kapena chongopeka analenga mu wochititsa zoyenda wa ma elekitironi m'njira zina. otaya imeneyi imatchedwa ndi mantha magetsi. Iwo amayezedwa amperes (A). onyamula Current angathenso monga ayoni (mu mpweya kapena njira) ndi "dzenje" (kupanda ma elekitironi ku mitundu ina ya semiconductors. Recent zinthu ngati zabwino mlandu onyamula magetsi. Kuti kukakamiza ma elekitironi kusunthira mu dera wina, chofunika mphamvu. Mu chikhalidwe, gwero lake zingakhale: kukhudzana ndi dzuwa, zotsatira maginito ndi zochita mankhwala ena a iwo kuti apange magetsi Kawirikawiri cholinga awa: .. jenereta ntchito zotsatira maginito, ndi mchitidwe (batire), zotsatira za omwe ali chifukwa zochita mankhwala. Onse zipangizo, kulenga ndi electromotive mphamvu (EMF) chifukwa ma elekitironi kusunthira mu dera limodzi pamodzi unyolo. The ukulu wa emf ndi amayezedwa volts (V). Izi ndi mayunitsi zofunika pa miyezo mphamvu.

Ukulu wa EMF ndipo panopa ali cholukanalukana monga kuthamanga ndi kuyenderera mu madzi. mipope madzi nthawi zonse wodzazidwa ndi madzi pansi kufinya zina, koma madzi akuyamba kuyenda yekha pamene vavu lidzatsegulidwa.

Mofananamo, dera magetsi akhoza chikugwirizana ndi gwero la mphamvu electromotive, koma m'menemo panopa si ikuyenda bola osati udzakhazikitsidwa njira imene ma elekitironi akhoza kusuntha. Iwo akhoza kukhala Mwachitsanzo, magetsi nyale kapena zingalowe m'malo zotsukira, n'kuyamba pano atenge mbali ya Crane ndi, "umene umabala" panopa.

Chiŵerengero pakati panopa ndi voteji

Pamene kuwonjezeka voteji ndi kukula ziliri pa dera la. Kuphunzira sayansi, tidziwa kuti madera magetsi amapangidwa ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana: Nthawi zambiri kusinthana mawaya ndi zida - ogula la magetsi. Iwo onse ogwirizana pamodzi, kupereka kukana magetsi, zomwe (poganiza kutentha zonse) sasintha nthawi, koma kwa aliyense wa iwo ndi osiyana zigawo izi. Chotero ngati voteji chomwecho umagwiritsidwa ntchito nyale ndi chitsulo, otaya ma elekitironi aliyense zipangizo chasintha chifukwa cha kukana kwawo osiyana. Choncho, panopa likuyenderera mu inayake dera gawo anatsimikiza osati voteji, koma kulimbikira kwa ochititsa ndi zipangizo.

Chilamulo Ohm a

Kulimbikira magetsi amayezedwa ohms (ohm) mu sayansi amenewa monga sayansi. Magetsi (chilinganizo matanthauzo zatsopano) - mutu waukulu. Sitidzakuwonetsaninso mitunduyi zovuta. Pakuti kudziwana woyamba ndi nkhani zokwanira zanenedwa pamwambapa. Komabe, chilinganizo ndi ofunika kubweretsa. Ndi chithunzithunzi. Kwa wochititsa kapena dongosolo la ochititsa ndi zipangizo ubale voteji, ndipo panopa ndi kukana kwapatsidwa mwa: voteji = panopa × kukana. Izi akuti masamu a chilamulo Ohm, dzina lake polemekeza Georg Ohm (1787-1854 gg.), Amene ali woyamba kukhazikitsa ubale magawo atatu awa.

Magetsi Physics - chidwi kwambiri nthambi ya sayansi. Tafotokoza yekha malingaliro zofunika kugwirizana nazo. Inu mukudziwa chomwe magetsi ali, momwe aumbike. Tikukhulupirira zimenezi ndi zothandiza inu.