Chimene chiri ikukhudzana zoyenda? Kodi mfundo zokhudza izo?

Zochitika za dziko thupi yogwirizana ndi kusintha kutentha. Ndi izo, aliyense akukumana ana aang'ono, pamene iye amazindikira kuti ayezi ozizira ndi otentha amayaka madzi. Pa nthawi akutifikiranso kuzindikira kuti njira kusintha kutentha sanalembedwepo yomweyo. Kenako mu sukulu, ophunzira kuphunzira kuti chikugwirizana ndi chisonyezo matenthedwe. Ndipo njira zokhudzana ndi kutentha anasankha nthambi ya sayansi.

Kodi kutentha?

Mfundo imeneyi sayansi anadziŵa m'malo mawu wamba. Tsiku ndi tsiku, nthawi zonse kuwonekera mawu monga otentha, ozizira kapena otentha. Onse a iwo kulankhula za mlingo wa thupi kutentha pamwamba. Umo ndi momwe akufotokozera sayansi, ndi Kuwonjezera kuti ndi scalar kuchuluka. Pambuyo kutentha alibe malangizo, koma chiwerengero chabe.

Mu dongosolo lonse mayunitsi (SI), kutentha amayezedwa madigiri Celsius (° C). Koma mitunduyi ambiri kufotokoza zochitika ikukhudzana chofunika kuti amasulire mu Kelvin (K). Chifukwa chaichi pali dongosolo losavuta: T = T + 273. Ndi T - kutentha Kelvin, ndipo T - mu Celsius. Ndi Kelvin lonse zokhudza mfundo ziro mtheradi.

Pali mamba angapo kutentha. Ku Ulaya ndi North America, mwachitsanzo, mu maphunzirowa Fahrenheit (F). Choncho, iwo ayenera kuti alembe Celsius. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kuyambira umboni mu F amadalira kuchotsera 32, ndiye muchigawane mwa 1.8.

kuyesera Home

Pofotokoza za kufunika kudziwa zinthu monga kutentha, matenthedwe apaulendo. Inde, ndi kuchita zimene zinachitikira mosavuta.

Pakuti chofunika kutenga akasinja atatu. Iwo ayenera kukhala lalikulu moti mosavuta woyenera manja. Lembani ndi madzi pa kutentha osiyana. Poyamba ayenera kukhala ozizira kwambiri. Lachiwiri - kutenthetsa. Wachitatu kutsanulira madzi otentha, limene kudzakhala kotheka kusunga mkono.

Tsopano, chochitika yokha. Wamanzere dzanja mu chidebe cha madzi ozizira, lamanja - ndi yotentha. Dikirani angapo Mphindi. Muwachotse iwo ndi yomweyo kumiza mu chidebe cha madzi ofunda.

Ndipo zotsatira zake zidzakhala mosayembekezereka. dzanja lamanzere zingatanthauze kuti madzi ofunda, pomwepo pa kumverera kwa madzi ozizira. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti woyamba akonzedwa matenthedwe mgwirizano ndi madzi amene manja amatumizidwa pachiyambi. Ndiyeno bwino uyu anawawidwa mtima kwambiri.

The chakudya yaikulu ya chiphunzitso maselo-kayendedwe

Limafotokoza zochitika zonse matenthedwe. Koma kunena izi ndi wosavuta. Choncho, akulankhula za lamulo matenthedwe chakudya chimenechi muyenera kudziwa.

Choyamba, chinthu popangidwa ndi particles miniti, yomwe ili pa mtunda Chrixitu. Komanso, particles awa akhoza kukhala mamolekyulu ndi maatomu. Ndi mtunda pakati pa iwo nthawi zambiri zikuluzikulu tinthu kukula kwake.

Chachiwiri, zinthu zonse pali chisonyezo matenthedwe wa mamolekyulu, amene satha. particles Choncho kusuntha mosintha (wachisokonezo).

Chachitatu, particles ndi kucheza. Amenewa ndi chifukwa mphamvu kukopeka ndi repulsion. kukula timadalira pa mtunda pakati pa particles.

Kutsimikizira kwa malo oyamba kwa ILC

Umboni kuti thupi ndizo particles, pakati limene pali mipata, ndiye kuwonjezeka matenthedwe. Choncho, pamene thupi usavutike, kukula kwake ukuwonjezeka. Izi zimachitika chifukwa kuchotsa particles Chrixitu.

chitsimikiziro cha zimene zanenedwa ndi mayamwidwe. Ndiko kuti, malowedwe a mamolekyulu zinthu pakati pa particles wa ena. Ndipo gulu limeneli ndicho. Mayamwidwe inadzachitika mofulumira kwambiri, ndi zina popanda mamolekyulu ndi anakonza. Choncho, malowedwe tonse gasi amapezeka mofulumira kwambiri kuposa zakumwa. Ndi zolimba pa mayamwidwe chofunika chaka.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, yotsirizira limafotokoza ndondomeko ndi chisonyezo matenthedwe. Ndipotu, malowedwe tonse zipangizo mu mzake amapezeka popanda chopinga chilichonse kunja. Koma akhoza inapita patsogolo ndi thupi kutentha.

Tsimikizani malo chachiwiri MKT

Chotsani umboni kuti pali matenthedwe kayendedwe - ndi chisonyezo Brownian wa particles. Amaona kuti particles inaimitsidwa, mwachitsanzo iwo amene zayamba mamolekyulu zikuluzikulu ndi zinthu. particles izi zikhoza kukhala fumbi kapena mbewu. Malo iwo amadalira madzi kapena mpweya.

Chifukwa kayendedwe mwachisawawa particles zizikhala chakuti kumbali zonse iwo kuchita molekyulu. mmene mosintha. Ukulu wa zotsatira nthawi imodzi ndi osiyana. Choncho, mphamvu chifukwa imatsogoleredwa mu njira imodzi kenako zinthu zina.

Ngati ife kulankhula za mathamangidwe wa matenthedwe zoyenda wa mamolekyulu, ndicho dzina wapadera chifukwa - muzu zikutanthauza lalikulu. Iwo akhoza kuchita masamu mfundo:

ndime = √ [(3kT) / mamita _0].

Iwo T - kutentha Kelvin, mamita ₀ - Unyinji wa molekyulu limodzi, K - Boltzmann zonse (k = 1,38 * 10 ^-23 J / K).

Kutsimikizira kwa malo lachitatu la ILC

particles The amakopeka ndi amaipidwa. Mu malongosoledwe a njira zambiri zokhudza zoyenda ikukhudzana kudziwa zimenezi n'kofunika.

Ndipotu mphamvu mogwirizana zimadalira boma thupi la nkhaniyi. Choncho, pali pafupifupi palibe mpweya, chifukwa particles amachotsedwa kwambiri kuti zochita zawo sanachitike. The zakumwa ndi zolimba ndi noticeable ndi kupereka yosungirako buku la nkhaniyo. Mu kale, kupereka ndi kukhalabe mawonekedwe.

Umboni kuti kuli magulu kukopeka ndi repulsion mphamvu ndi maonekedwe a elasticity mu matupi mapindikidwe. Choncho, chifukwa akupereka kumatheka mphamvu wokongola pakati mamolekyulu ndi psinjika - repulsion. Koma nthawi zonse iwo kubwerera thupi mawonekedwe wapachiyambi.

The mphamvu pafupifupi za kayendedwe matenthedwe

Iwo akhoza kulembedwa kwa zofunika aone kuti pali MKT :

(PV) / N = (2E) / 3.

Mu dongosolo ili, p - kuthamanga, V - buku, N - chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu, E - pafupifupi kayendedwe mphamvu.

Komano, aone kuti pali uyu akhoza kulembedwa monga:

(PV) / N = kt.

Ngati inu kuphatikiza iwo, inu kupeza anthu aone kuti pali zotsatirazi:

(2E) / 3 = kt.

Ndizoonekeratu ku chilinganizo zakuti zikutanthauza kayendedwe mphamvu ya mamolekyulu ndi:

E = (3kT) / 2.

Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti mphamvu amasankhidwa molingana ndi kutentha kwa thunthu. Ndiko, ndi kuwonjezeka mu particles otsiriza kusuntha mofulumira. Ichi ndi chofunika kwambiri zoyenda ikukhudzana amene alipo bola ngati pali kutentha wina osati ziro mtheradi.