Omar Khayyam: MBIRI. Omar Khayyam: chidwi mfundo

Omar Khayyam, kanthawi mbiri yomwe kwake pepala ili, anabadwa mu Nishapur May 18, 1048. Nishapur lili kum'mawa kwa Iran, m'chigawo chikhalidwe Khorasan. Mzinda uwu unali malo chilungamo anasonkhanitsa anthu ambiri ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana Iran ndi ngakhale ku maiko oyandikana. Komanso, Nishapur ndi chimodzi cha zazikulu malo chikhalidwe cha nthawi mu Iran. Mu mzinda kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 11 anachita madrasas - masukulu a mitundu apamwamba ndi sekondale. Mu mmodzi wa iwo anaphunzitsidwa ndi Omar Khayyam.

Wambiri mwa Russian kumafuna yomasulira ndi mayina. Komabe nthawi zina owerenga chofunika ndi lotchedwa English Mwachitsanzo, pamene muyenera kupeza zipangizo mu Chingerezi. Kodi akhoza kumasulira: "Omar Khayyam: MBIRI"? "Omar Khayyam: yonena" - Baibulo lolondola.

Childhood ndi unyamata Khayyam

Mwatsoka, zokhudza sikokwanira, monga zokhudza moyo wa anthu ambiri otchuka akale. Wambiri ya Omar Khayyam ku ubwana ndi unyamata zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro chakuti iye ankakhala Nishapur. Palibe zokhudza banja lake. Dzina Khayyam, monga mukudziwa, amatanthauza "chihema mbuye", "campers". Zimenezi zimathandiza ofufuza kuti kopanda kuti bambo ake ankhaimilira mabwalo luso. Banja, Mulimonsemo, ndi njira yokwanira mwana wake maphunziro abwino.

Education amalembedwa moyo wake. Omar Khayyam yoyamba imene munaphunzira sayansi mu madrasas Nishapur, amene panthawiyo ankatchedwa bungwe lolemera, amene anakonzera yothandiza anthu akuluakulu aboma. Pambuyo kuti Omar anapitiriza maphunziro ake Samarkand ndi Balkh.

Zoyenera Kutsatira Khayyam

Iye anali zosiyanasiyana sayansi ndi enieni: Masamu, masamu, sayansi sayansi. Omar komanso makamaka anaphunzira mbiri, koranovedenie, theosophy, nzeru ndi anapereka wa sayansi philological, amene anali mbali ya lingaliro la maphunziro pa nthawi. Iye ankadziwa mabuku Arabic, bwino mu Arabic, adadziwa ndizosowa versification. Omar anali katswiri mu machiritso ndi nyenyezi, ndi kuphunzira nyimbo chiphunzitso.

Khayyam mwangwiro ankadziwa Koran ndi mtima, ndingathe kumasulira ndime iliyonse. Choncho, ngakhale azaumulungu wotchuka kwambiri wa East akatulukire kwa Omar malangizo. maganizo ake Komabe, sanalowe mu Islam ndi tanthauzo lake chikale.

Zimene poyamba m'munda wa masamu

Zimene choyamba mu masamu amalembedwa moyo wake. Omar Khayyam anachita sayansi chimake cha maphunziro awo. Pa zaka 25, akupanga anapeza koyamba mu masamu. Mu 60s kwa zaka za m'ma 11 anafalitsa ntchito pa sayansi, alandire kutchuka ngati wasayansi kwambiri. olamulira zothandizira mipingo yawo anayamba kumupatsa chitetezo.

Moyo kunyumba Hakan Shams al-Mulk

Olamulira kwa zaka za m'ma 11 ankalimbana ndi mnzake mu ulemerero wa Maapatimenti lapansi. Iwo ankakopa ogwira ophunzira. The otchuka chabe akufuna bwalo anakhala akatswiri a ndakatulo otchuka ndi akatswiri. Wathunso tsoka ili ndi Omar. Service ku khoti ndipo anali kupereka mbiri yake.

Omar Khayyam, choyamba anatsogolera ntchito ya sayansi pa bwalo la Prince Hakan Shams al-Mulk, mu Bukhara. Malinga ndi mbiri za m'ma 11, Bukhara wolamulira azungulira ulemu wa Omar ndipo ngakhale kumuyika iye pa mpando wachifumu pambali pake.

Pempho kwa Isfahan

Ndi nthawi iyi wakula anakhazikitsa Great Seljuk Ufumu. Tugulbek, ndi Seljuk wolamulira, mu 1055 anagonjetsa Baghdad. Iye ananena kuti wolamulira wa Ufumu yatsopano, Sultan. Caliph watwya mphamvu ndi chizindikiro nyengo za chikhalidwe, zotchedwa Eastern Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

zochitika amenewa tsoka la Omar Khayyam. Yatsopano nthawi akupitiriza mbiri yake. Omar Khayyam mu 1074 anaitanidwa kunyumba yachifumu kutumikira mu mzinda wa Isfahan. Panthawi imeneyi, malamulo a Sultan Malik Shah. chaka Ichi chinali chiyambi cha zaka 20 zochita zake yaphindu ya sayansi, yapindula zimene zinathandiza kwambiri. Panthawi imeneyi mzinda wa Isfahan unali likulu la mphamvu Seljuk, amene anatambasula ku Mediterranean malire a China.

Moyo pa bwalo la Malik Shah

Omar anakhala aulemu kuyandikira yakumeneko kwambiri. Malinga ndi nthano, Nizam al-Mulk ngakhale adamuonetsa kusamalira Nishapur ndi madera ozungulira. Omar anati kuti iye sangakhoze amaletsa ndi lamula zinthu zofunikira kwa kasamalidwe ka anthu. The Sultan anamuika malipiro 10 chikwi. Gold dinars chaka (a ndalama yaikulu) kuti Khayyam mwaufulu kuchita sayansi.

kasamalidwe Observatory

Khayyam anaitanidwa kusamalira Observatory yachifumu. Sultan wanyamula yabwino ya zakuthambo ku khoti ndipo allocated zinkafuna kwa ogulidwa zipangizo zodula kapena zapamwamba. ntchito kupanga kalendala watsopano achita kutsogolo kwa Omar. M'zaka za m'ma 11 ku Central Asia ndi Iran nthawi yomweyo panali machitidwe awiri; dzuwa ndi mwezi kalendala. Onsewo anali angwiro. Ndi March 1079 akayanjana. Khayyam akufuna kalendala anali 7 masekondi enieni masitepe lero Gregory (yapangidwa m'ma 16)!

Omar Khayyam anatsogolera Observatory kuzipenya zakuthambo. M'nyengo wake wa zakuthambo izo kunagwirizana kwambiri nyenyezi, zimene Zapakati, ndi sayansi mokakamiza othandiza. Ndipo Omar anali gawo la retinue wa Malik Shah ngati phungu wake ndi wambwebwe. kutchuka kwake ngati mpenyi kunali kwakukulu.

Yatsopano patsogolo masamu

Pa bwalo mu Isfahan, Omar Khayyam anali chinkhoswe mu masamu. Mu 1077, iye analengedwa ntchito zojambula zoyenera kumasulira mavuto Euclid. Iye adayamba ndi gulu zochuluka za mitundu ikuluikulu ya maikwezhoni - kiyubiki, lalikulu, liniya (okwana 25 mitundu), ndipo analenga zamoyo kuthetseratu maikwezhoni kiyubiki. Iye ndiye anali woyamba kunayambitsa funso za ubale wa sayansi ya Masamu ndi ajebura.

Kwa nthawi yaitali Khayyam mabuku sankazidziwa asayansi European amene analenga sanali Euclidean Masamu ndi ajebura latsopano apamwamba. Ndipo iwo ankayenera kuti adzathe kutenga nthawi yaitali njira kupita ndi kuti zaka 5-6 pamaso pawo kale anaikidwapo Khayyam.

makalasi nzeru

Khayyam anali chinkhoswe ndi mavuto a nzeru, kuphunzira cholowa sayansi Avicenna. Iye anamasulira mu Persian ku Arabic, zina za ntchito zake, kusonyeza luso, kuyambira pa nthawi ino udindo wa chinenero cha sayansi ankaimba Arabic.

Woyamba nthanthi lonena kuti analengedwa mu 1080 ( "Treatise on kukhalapo ndi udindo"). Khayyam ananena kuti ali wotsatira wa Avicenna, ndipo anafotokoza malingaliro za Islam pa kaonedwe wa aristotelianstva kum'mawa. Omar, kuzindikira kuti kuli Mulungu monga zimayambitsa zinthu, ankanena kuti dongosolo yeniyeni zinthu anatsimikiza ndi malamulo a chilengedwe, si chifukwa cha nzeru ya Mulungu. mfundo zimenezi mwamphamvu samagwirizana ndi mbalume Muslim. Mu lonena za iwo anaperekedwa mwachidule ndi kuponderezedwa, allusions chinenero Aesopian ndi kutineneza. Zambiri molimba mtima, nthawi zina molimba mtima wotsutsa, maganizo odana Chisilamu zili ndakatulo wa Omar Khayyam.

Wambiri: ndakatulo Khayyam

The ndakatulo analemba yekha Rubaie, mwachitsanzo quatrains, imene rhymed 1, 2, 4, kapena zigawo zonse zinayi. Adalenga iwo moyo wonse. Khayyam anali olembedwa laudatory odes olamulira. Rubaie mawonekedwe lalikulu ndakatulo si, wolemba ndakatulo, Omar Khayyam losadziwika a m'nthawi yake. Ndipo iye sanali ngofunika kwambiri kwa ndakatulo awo. Iwo anaonekera ayenera offhand, amangotchula.

Omar Kusakhazikika udindo pa bwalo

Kumapeto kwa 1092 adaunyema zaka 20 chete nthawi ya moyo wake pa bwalo la Malik Shah. Pa nthawi imeneyi, mfumu yakumeneko anafa zinthu bwinobwino. Ndipo Nizam al-Mulk anaphedwa mwezi kale. Imfa ya ogula awiri Khayyam nkhani akale amati ndi Ismailis, anthu a lachipembedzo ndale ukuperekedwa anthu otchuka Turkey. Atamwalira Malik Shah, iwo mantha Isfahan mukudziwa. Chiwawa ndi chidzudzulo anabadwa mantha anasefukira chinsinsi tawuni kupha. A yolimbirana mphamvu anayamba kutha ufumu waukulu.

Zinafika poipa zinthu pa bwalo la mkazi wamasiye wa Omar Malik Shah Turkan Khatun. Mkazi kunyndira pafupifupi Nizam al-Mulk. Omar Khayyam wagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali pa Observatory, koma sanalandire zili akale, palibe thandizo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye anali sing'anga ndi wambwebwe pa Turkan Khatun.

Ndi ntchito bwalo anali anafupikitsa Khayyam

Nkhani ya mmene linasweka ntchito panyumba yake, tsopano buku. Adzaupereka kwa 1097. Sanjar, mwana wamng'ono wa Malik Shah, kamodzi kudwala nthomba, ndi Khayyam, amene anam'chitira, mosadziwa anasonyeza kukayika kuti mnyamata 11 wazaka adzachira. Njinga yamoto yovundikira adanena mawu anali atamva ndi mtumiki, ndi anasamutsa mtima mlowam'malo wa. Amene mfumu ina m'tsogolo, amene analamulira kuyambira 1118 ndi 1157 boma Seljuk, Sanjar onse moyo wake anasunga nkhanza Khayyam.

Atamwalira Malik Shah Isfahan adataya a yaikulu sayansi ndi nyumba yachifumu. Akunyalanyaza ndi mapeto Observatory, ndipo likulu anali kupita ku mzinda wa Merv (Khorasan) chinatsekedwa. Omar anasiya bwalo muyaya, anabwerera Nishapur.

Moyo Nishapur

Apa iye anakhala mpaka imfa yake, apo kusiya mzinda kuchezera Balkh ndi Bukhara. Komanso, anakonza ulendo wautali kwa malo Muslim woyera Mecca. Khayyam anaphunzitsa mu madrasas Nishapur. Iye anali ndi yaing'ono bwalo la ophunzira. Nthawi zina adzatenga roketi wasayansi amene ankafuna msonkhano naye nawo makani ndi sayansi.

Nthawi yomalizira ya moyo wake kunali kovuta, amagwirizana ndi kukanidwa ndi mavuto wakhala kwaiye ndi kusungulumwa wauzimu. Mu Nishapur zaka anatchuka Omar ngati zakuthambo ndi masamu Chinawonjezeka ulemerero ampatuko ndipo freethinker. Mkwiyo wa otsatira Islam otchedwa maganizo ake aumunthu.

cholowa Scientific ndi nthanthi ya Khayyam

Wambiri ya Omar Khayyam (lalifupi) sangathe kuyankhula mwatsatanetsatane za ntchito yake. Tingaonenso yekha kuti cholowa chake ang'ono sayansi ndi nzeru za anthu. Mosiyana Avicenna, kuloŵedwa m'malo ake, Khayyam sanalenge munthu coherent dongosolo aumunthu. Mfundo zake ikukhudzana okha mafunso munthu wa nzeru, ngakhale zofunika kwambiri. Ena a iwo unalembedwa pofuna kuyankha pempho la mabungwe aboma kapena wauzimu. Iwo lidakalipobe 5 zolemba nthanthi ya Omar. Onsewo ndi kumva, mwachidule, nthawi zina masamba angapo.

The wopita ku Mecca ndi moyo m'mudzi

Patapita nthawi, kuwombana atsogoleri achipembedzo anayamba yoopsa kuti Khayyam anakakamizika kupanga ulendo wovuta ndi yaitali Mecca (mu zaka kale okalamba). Mu nyengo iyi ya ulendo kumalo oyera nthawi zina kwa zaka. Omar anakhala kwa kanthawi Baghdad. Kuphunzitsa yonena wake wakhala nkhani Nizamiyya.

Omar Khayyam, za amene tikuwadziwa, mwatsoka, ambiri, kunyumba, anayamba tikukhala m'mudzi wina pafupi Nishapur mu nyumba kwaokha. Malinga ndi umboni wa biographers akale, iye anali wosakwatira ndi ana iye sanali. Iye anakhala chatsekedwa mu ngozi nthawi zonse chifukwa cha kukayikirana ndi chizunzo.

Monga ndatha maora otsiriza a moyo wa Omar Khayyam

Short yonena mu Russian wasayansi, katswiri wa nzeru ndi ndakatulo, linalembedwa ndi chiwerengero cha anthu. magwero onse amavomereza kuti chaka cha imfa yake osati ndendende kudziwika. Tsiku zambiri imatengedwa kuti akhale mu 1123. Kuchokera ku gwero la m'ma 12 anabwera kwa ife za m'mene Khayyam anakhala maora otsiriza a moyo. Msangani wenewu anamveka kuchokera kwa achibale ake Abu-L-Hasan Beyhaki. Pa tsiku ili, Omar ankaphunzira "Book of Kuchiritsa" lolembedwa ndi Avicenna. Kukwanilitsa "limodzi ndi angapo" Hayam kuika mmano pakati pa mapepala ndipo anapempha anthu abwino kuchita chifuniro chake. Omar sanali kudya kapena kumwa tsiku lonse. Titamaliza pemphero lotsiriza, adaweramitsa pansi madzulo. Ndiye, Khayyam anati, kutembenukira kwa Mulungu, kuti iye ankadziwa ngati kuli kotheka, ndi kuti chidziwitso cha izo - ichi ndi njira iyo. Ndipo anafa. Mu chithunzi m'munsimu - manda ake mu Nishapur.

Ku magwero zimene ena mukhoza kuphunzira za moyo wa munthu monga Omar Khayyam? Wambiri TSB (Great Soviet Encyclopedia) lidzayenere inu ngati inu mudziwe monga zikuluzikulu za izo. Mukhozanso amanena kuti buku la buku Khayyam, m'mawu oyamba kumene kupereka malongosoledwe a moyo wake. Takupatsani yekha mfundo zikuluzikulu za munthu monga Omar Khayyam. Wambiri, mtundu wake, mbiri ya moyo wake, ndakatulo ndi timapepala - ichi ndi anthu ambiri ali ndi chidwi lero. Limanena za kufunika cholowa chimene iye anachoka, udindo waukulu mu mbiri ya umunthu wa Omar Khayyam.