Mafuta Kodi amagulitsa mu Russia? Kupanga ndi kugulitsa mafuta

Mafuta ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya katundu wa zipangizo, amene amachita Russian ndi lonse chuma yofunika kwambiri khumi zapitazi. Kodi mafuta amagulitsa mu Russia?

nkhani za m'mbiri

Ngakhale kale anthu anadziwa za katundu mafuta. Iwo anali anasonkhana padziko madzi kapena pamwamba nthaka. Koma anaigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ambiri. M'zaka za m'ma 19, pamene anatulukira ndi palafini nyali kufunika nkhaniyi yaiwisi chawonjezeka kwambiri. Zinali ndiye kuti chinayamba njira zitsime pobowola mafuta ndi mpweya dongosolo la matanthwe a pansi padziko. Pambuyo kutsegula kwa atawalamula magetsi alowa utachepa mu mafuta.

Komabe, m'zaka 19 mochedwa, izo zinalengedwa ndi injini mkati kuyaka, amene anali ngati kutsogolera kwa chitukuko cha mafakitale magalimoto. Poyamba, kugula galimoto akanatha anthu okhawo wolemera, koma ndiye iwo anakhala zilipo pafupifupi zigawo zonse za anthu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zikuchepa kuchuluka kufunika kwa mankhwala mafuta. Mpaka lero, mafuta ndi lofunika zachilengedwe mankhwala, monga amatipatsa kuthekera kuyenda anthu ndi dziko, mpweya kapena madzi.

kupanga mafuta mu Russia

Mu Russia ano, taona Kuwonjezeka kupanga mafuta kuchokera 2000, koma mu zaka otsiriza 5, mlingo ali mochedwa penapake, ndipo ngakhale anagwa pang'ono mu 2008.

Kuyambira chaka cha 2010, mafuta kupanga wadutsa kwa mlingo wa matani 500 miliyoni pa chaka. Ndipo lero zikupereka pamwamba bala iyi. Kwa zaka ziwiri mondondozana, ndicho 2009 ndi 2010, Russia lili pa nambala yoyamba mafuta kupanga lonse. Koma kale mu 2011 woyamba makampani wakhala Saudi Arabia.

Russian Federation - mmodzi wa ophunzira kwambiri pa chuma padziko lonse. Cholowa cha Russian kupanga mafuta mu dziko kuposa 12%. Mafuta katundu ikuchitika onse mu Europe ndi ku madera a m'chigawo Asia-Pacific.

Mu dziko lathu, kupanga mafuta ikuchitika ndi makampani vertically Integrated. Total ukugwira 9 amakampani lalikulu. Akamagwira m'zigawo oposa 90% ya mafuta onse m'dziko. Sing'anga ndi mafuta yaing'ono opanga zambiri - pali 150. The boma kampani "Gazprom" akuchita mafuta kupanga pafupifupi 2.5% zipangizo zonse yaiwisi, pamene otsogolera kuperekedwa kwa malonda wodzilamulira mu nkhani imeneyi.

ndi tanthauzo la kusakanikirana ofukula chiyani? Ngati ife kulingalira kayendedwe ka lonse kupanga mafuta ndi processing a zipangizo mu mawonekedwe a unyolo, ndiye mgwirizano limasonyeza zimenezi Integrated. Ndondomeko ndondomeko ili:

• mafuta kufufuza, kuboola kumunda chitukuko zomangamanga;
• mafuta m'zigawo ndi mayendedwe a zipangizo analandira:
• mankhwala mafuta ndi mayendedwe awo;
• kugulitsa katundu mafuta (malonda).

Njira imeneyi zimathandiza dongosolo kuti tikwaniritse chiwerengero cha ubwino pa mpikisano:

• kungakupatseni kundipatsako kwa zipangizo ndi malonda mankhwala mafuta;
• kwambiri kumachepetsa mavuto kugwirizana ndi kusintha zinthu msika;
• wokometsedwa kupanga.

Ogwira "Rosneft" ndi "Lukoil" atsogoleri chonse mu dziko lathu, kupanga mafuta.

General mudziwe mafuta

Katundu mafuta amene yotengedwa mu mabacteria osiyana nyengo zosiyana kwambiri. Ndi tanthauzo, mafuta - dongosolo viscous wochuluka madzi kukhala mtundu kwambiri wakuda. Koma izi sizichitika nthawi zonse. Mtundu wa "golide wakuda" ali gradations zambiri - kuchokera lachikasu zofiirira ndi wakuda ndi poyela.

Kapangidwe ndi kutentha limatsogolera alinso variable. Pali mitundu imene alimbitse pakati gulu zinthu chilimwe, pamene ena kukhala madzi ngakhale pa otsika kutentha kwambiri.

Pambuyo mafuta yotengedwa bwino, ayenera kunyamulidwa ku malo processing.

Choncho chimene mtundu wa mafuta amagulitsa Russian ndi kuchuluka ndi zosiyanasiyana zimenezi?

Mu dziko lathu umabala ndi zogulitsa kunja 7 sukulu ya mafuta, pamene dziko limene pali zoposa 20. Waukulu katundu zosiyanasiyana ndi Urals. Mtengo uliwonse mtundu makamaka anatsimikiza ndi kuchotsera kapena umafunika poyerekezera ndi chikhomo kalasi. Makamaka awa a Brent, WTI, Middle East yosakongola.

Ngati ife kulankhula za mphamvu ya mitengo Brent, pa zapitazi 3 izo kwambiri anagwa kuchokera 120 mpaka 38 madola pa mbiya. Pakali pano, mtengo wake amasunga mozungulira 40 dollars.

Urals

zosiyanasiyana uyu ali ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri mu zogulitsa kunja mafuta Russian - 55%.

Urals mafuta anaonekera pa dziko msika mu '70s.

Izi cultivar ndi zosafunika mkulu sulfure. Urals kupangidwa mu mayendedwe a zipangizo kudzera payipi ya, "Transneft" makampani m'minda ili mu Urals, dera Volga ndi Western Siberia.

Urals mafuta katundu kudzera mwa kundipatsako "Druzhba" payipi ku Ulaya. Komanso zimagulitsidwa mwa madoko mu Nyanja Baltic (Ayenela-Luga ndi Primorsk) ndi Black (Novorossiysk) nyanja. The madera a makontena ndi operewera kwambiri, chotero, zosiyanasiyana uyu sangakhoze zolemba kukhala pentopeni.

Urals kuchotsera kuchuluka anatsimikiza mu 1% wachibale Brent.

Kodi mtundu amagulitsa mafuta Russian, kuwonjezera pa Urals?

Rebco

Dzina la kalasi wapangidwa makalata oyambirira a Russian Tumizani Amaphatikiza yosakongola Mafuta. Kwenikweni, ndi chimodzimodzi Urals, amene aperekedwa kudzera Primorsk. Ogwidwawo mtengo anatsimikiza ndi kuchotsera wa 1.3% poyerekezera ndi Brent. Ankagulitsa pa chofunika Kusinthanitsa ku New York. Tumizani gawo mu buku okwana ndi pafupifupi 25%.

SiberianLight

Ndi mtundu zipangizo kuwala.

Yopanga ali Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area.

Natengedwa ndi kampani payipi "Transneft" kumene wothira Volga ndi mafuta Ural, chifukwa mu Urals a. Komatu kagawo kakang'ono ka mafuta West Siberia ndi ankagulitsa monga mtundu paokha. Makamaka ukugwira ntchito kudzera pa doko la Tuapse.

Price Siberia Kuwala mafuta limanenedwa ndi 0.5% kuchotsera kwa mtengo Brent.

Sokol

Mkulu Sakhalin mafuta zili otsika sulfure. Mtengo wa Brent mafuta n'chozama kupitirira Sokol. mtengo anatsimikiza mtima enaake a 7.5% ku Dubai zosiyanasiyana. Yopanga ikuchitika mu chimango cha ntchito zikuluzikulu "Sakhalin-1". Zimagulitsidwa kudzera DeKastri N. Zomwe zili dera Khabarovsk.

Vityaz

Brand mafuta opangidwa ku Russia ndi pachilumba cha Sakhalin, monga Sokol. Mtengo wa mtundu umenewu uli womangidwa kwa mtundu Dubai. Ndalama Vityaz mafuta anatsimikiza Dubai umafunika kalasi ya 6%. Zimagulitsidwa kudzera N. Prigorodnoe Sakhalin m'deralo.

Espo

Russian ESPO mafuta ntchito posachedwapa.

zosiyanasiyana The chinatchedwa choncho chifukwa chimadzera ndi dzina lomweli ESPO payipi ( "kum'mawa Siberia - Pacific Ocean" kapena «East Siberia - Pacific Ocean»). The ntchito ya zomangamanga wa payipi iyi zingamuthandize ndithu monga ikukhudza kotunga "golide wakuda" kuti China ndi dera Asia-Pacific.

mtundu uwu wa mafuta opangidwa ku Russia, ndi osakaniza a zipangizo kuchokera zosiyanasiyana kuti ali kale ntchito. zidazo n'choposa Urals onse kalasi kudziwika.

mtengo anatsimikiza mtima enaake a 3.5% ku Dubai yosakongola.

ARCO

zosiyanasiyana Izi amapangidwa mu Arctic pa munda "Prirazlomnoe" lili Nyanja Pechora. Ndi yekhayo wa mtundu wake m'munda zikawonongeka dziko, kumene chitukuko ikuchitika mtunda 60 kilometre kwa woyendera nthambi m'mphepete mwa nyanja pa nsanja n'kupuma. Ndi alumali yotengedwa mafuta matani oposa 70 miliyoni.

Mtengo wa Brent mafuta n'chozama kupitirira pa ARCO.

Pa gawo la dziko lathu umabala mitundu yambiri ya mafuta. Komabe, 7 kokha ankagulitsa kwa Brent yosakongola. Kodi mtundu amagulitsa mafuta Russian pa kuwombola malonda? The mitundu yaikulu ndi katundu Urals ndi Rebco. ntchito yawo katundu oposa 2/3 buku okwana. mitundu komanso zimagulitsidwa Vityaz, ARCO, Sokol, Siberia Kuwala ndi ESPO. The kwambiri zingamuthandize ndi ESPO zosiyanasiyana zimene posachedwa kukhala chikhomo chifukwa makontena ake anapangidwa dera Asian.