Yosakongola mafuta mu dziko. Russian mafuta mtundu

M'zaka khumi zapitazo chikunena TV zambiri pa mphamvu zathu. Nazonso ndi mafuta. Mtengo wa mtundu uwu wa zinthu hydrocarbon yaiwisi aumbike malingana ndi malonda kuwombola, komanso osiyanasiyana. mafuta yodziwika ndi mipweya ndi malo chiyambi, amene amakhudza mwachindunji pa phindu.

zambiri

Zosiyanasiyana kapena kalasi mafuta - makhalidwe Mkhalidwe a zipangizo, kupanga yomwe ikuchitika pa munda womwewo, wosiyana ena ndi kapangidwe kake ndi pachilichonse. Mafuta zitsime ndi osiyana chibadidwe okha specifications ake, choncho kunalibe ofalitsa ku gulu lake. Wosalira kachitidwe ka katundu, izo zinapangidwa makonzedwe pa kulekana kwa mafuta kuwala ndi katundu.

M'dziko chaka umabala zopangidwa oposa 20 migodi. Mwachitsanzo, waukulu katundu mafuta mu Russia - mafuta Urals katundu ndi kuwala Siberia Kuwala, pamene mitundu yonse 5 umatulutsa. Mu United States pali kuposa zopangidwa khumi. Polingalira zosiyanasiyana si onse a iwo akhoza kugulitsidwa pa malonda lonse. Choncho mtengo uliwonse mtundu anatsimikiza wachibale ku sukulu chikhomo - British Brent mafuta, ndi WTI US ndi Middle East Middle East yosakongola.

Phindu lililonse chizindikiro anatsimikiza ndi mafuta kuchotsera kapena wachibale umafunika kuti chikhomo kalasi malingana yaiwisi khalidwe zakuthupi. Mwachitsanzo, mafuta katundu ndi okhutira mkulu zosafunika ndi sulfure adzakhala ankagulitsa kwa zochepa kapena chomwecho Brent WTI.

Makhalidwe a zipangizo

Monga ulamuliro, mafuta akufotokozedwa ngati wochuluka madzi akuda, koma tanthauzo la si zoona milandu onse. Mitundu zingasiyane wakuda ku chikasu ndi poyela.

Makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri komanso ali ndi koefishienti wa kukhuthala ndi kusungunuka. Ena mafuta akhoza kuzamitsa pa otsika kutentha, pamene ena kukhala madzi mu zinthu zonse nyengo. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa makhalidwe anapanga makonzedwe gulu la mitundu kulowa mu kuwala, sing'anga ndi katundu.

Mu chakudya ichi si ntchito mawonekedwe woyera, kotero kupeza mafuta malonda mankhwala ali zobwezerezedwanso. Liwiro ndi dzuwa processing ndi zopangira mwachindunji njila kwa kachulukidwe ndi wokhutira sulfure ndi zosafunika.

Kuwala mitundu ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri chifukwa cha iwo zinthu monga mafuta, dizilo, palafini. analandira mafuta mafuta ndi mafuta ng'anjo ya sukulu lolemera kuti ntchito kamodzikamodzi, kotero mtengo wa m'munsimu.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Mpaka 1973, mtengo wa "golide wakuda" unali madola zosaposa 3. Mtengo chawonjezeka 4-khola pambuyo kuletsedwa kwa katundu wa zipangizo ochokera m'mayiko a Aluya. Poyamba 80s pa mavuto mu mayiko Middle East, mtengo ranged pakati pa 15 ndi 35 dollars.

Mafuta ndi okhutira otsika sulfure amatchedwa "okoma" ndi mkulu - ". Wowawasa" mutu wotero anapata, chifukwa cha m'ma 19, makampani mafuta ndayesera izo. Mtengo wa processing wowawasa mafuta ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa processing wa wokoma. Choncho, okoma nthawi zonse mtengo.

Chinthu chapadera a mbadwa kuwombola ku New York ndi mtengo tamutchula dollar a zipangizo pa mbiya, ndi malonda izo - mu masenti pa galoni.

Mu London, mozama Mayiko Mafuta Kusinthanitsa, kumene masana ankagulitsa zam'tsogolo oposa 50,000 pa sukulu zosiyanasiyana za mafuta ndi Brent mafuta.

yobereka thupi mafuta akutsatiridwa okha 1% ya Mapangano zam'tsogolo.

Yosakongola mafuta mu Russia

Total zogulitsa kunja kwa Russia 6 sukulu ya mafuta.

Urals opangidwa mu Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District ndi Tatarstan Republic. chilemba ichi amakhala ndi okhutira mkulu wa mankhwala sulfure ndi hydrocarbon lolemera. Mtengo wa Urals mafuta anatsimikiza mtima wake Kuchotsera kwa North Sea kalasi Brent. kalasi limeneli linakonzedwa ndi kusakaniza mafuta ndi West Siberia Volga, chifukwa cha zomwe khalidwe akuvutika. M'zaka khumi zapitazi, kuyesa kuti achotse ku zipangizo Urals Tatarstan. Mtengo wa Urals mafuta aumbike pa chofunika kuwombola RTS.

Siberia Kuwala opangidwa mu Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area. Okhutira sulfure m'menemo pafupifupi 3 zina zosakwana mu Urals.

Arctic mafuta yotengedwa mu alumali wa Nyanja Pechora. Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba Russian mafuta kumunda, ili mu Ocean Arctic. The amadziwika chifukwa cha mtundu uwu wa mafuta Russian ndi mkulu osalimba ndi wokhutira mkulu sulfure. Mafuta yotengedwa 60 Km from woyendera nthambi m'mphepete mwa nyanja nsanja lokhazikika.

Sokol yodziwika ndi okhutira otsika zosafunika. Scout pa Sakhalin Island. Tumizani kudzera Harabov.

ESPO amakhala ndi osalimba otsika ndipo zili otsika sulfure amapangidwa kum'mawa Siberia. Chimadzera kudzera ESPO payipi.

Vityaz - Sakhalin mafuta mtundu, ofanana mu khalidwe yosakongola Omani. Zimagulitsidwa ku Trans payipi.

Yosakongola mafuta mu dziko: gulu lonse

Dziko lonse gulu la "golide wakuda" zachokera zopangidwa awiri - zokoma mafuta ndi Kuwala zokoma mafuta.

Wokoma mafuta - zopangira ndi okhutira sulfure saposa 0.5%, komanso sulfide hydrogen ndi mpweya. Pakali pano, chilemba ichi ntchito yopanga mafuta.

Kuwala zokoma mafuta ndi nkhawa phula. Kukhuthala ndi osalimba siyana.

Potengera makhalidwe a mitundu awa, kwa mafuta anali kunena kuti ndi kalembedwe zotsatirazi:

• kuwala (kachulukidwe apamwamba);
• yosakongola (otsika sera zili);
• lolemera (otsika kachulukidwe);
• sweet (otsika sulfure).

Buku zosiyanasiyana

Okwana pali 3 mafuta mtundu mu dziko, amene ankaona kuti kutchulidwa.

Brent (yosakongola) - North Sea yaiwisi sing'anga osalimba lili 0,5% zosafunika sulfure. Ntchito yopanga zotchezera sing'anga-kakulidwe, komanso mafuta. Mtengo wa Brent mafuta - maziko mapangidwe mitengo pa magawo atatu a mitundu ina pa dziko.

WTI ndi ncho mu US boma la Texas. Ali osalimba kuposa Brent, sulfure okhutira - 0,25%.

Dubai yosakongola - mafuta ku United Arab Emirates. Amatchedwanso Fateh. Iwo ali otsika kachulukidwe. Lili mpaka 2% zosafunika sulfure.

Zosiyanasiyana m'gulu la OPEC katundu dengu

OPEC (Organization wa mafuta Exporting Mayiko) mu kuwerengetsa mtengo wa mtundu winawake amagwiritsa ntchito index "mtanga OPEC». Pakali pano, ndi OPEC dengu zikuphatikizapo zopangidwa 11 "golide wakuda":

• Wathonje Saharan (Algeria);
• ES Sider (Libya);
• Arab Kuwala (Saudi Arabia);
• Basra Kuwala (Iraq);
• Bonny Kuwala (Nigeria);
• Iran kunagwa (Iran);
• Kuwait Tumizani (Kuwait);
• Murban (United Arab Emirates);
• Qatar sitima (Qatar);
• Girassol (Angola);
• Merey (Venezuela).

Mafuta ndi maziko a chuma ambiri - osatukuka ndi otukuka. Mafuta kufufuza ikuchitika onse kumtunda ndi pa maalumali a m'nyanja. Pali pa mitundu 20 yosiyanasiyana "golide wakuda". Komanso, aliyense zosiyanasiyana ali wapadera yake mipweya. Kutchulidwa mayina waukulu bwanji mitengo ya padziko lonse, amaganiza Brent, WTI ndi Dubai yosakongola. Stamps Russian mafuta kupita kwa katundu: Urals, Siberia Kuwala, Arctic Mafuta, Sokol, ESPO, Vityaz. Zam'tsogolo Mapangano ntchito yobweretsa zipangizo ndi m'misika chofunika dziko. Kwenikweni, izi New York ndi London kuphana katundu. Mu Russia mozama RTS (Moscow).