Kuphana chofunika

Pa kuphana ake pakati chofunika ndi mosalekeza yogwira yogulitsa misika ya mpikisano wangwiro. M'misika amenewa, amakhazikitsa malamulo kuti chimachitika mapeto a wotuluka malonda pa katundu ndi mosavuta mosinthana ndi qualitatively ofanana. The chofunika Kusinthanitsa ndi mabungwe palokha si a boma, popangidwa ndi cholinga ntchito malonda pa wotuluka.

Nkhani zikuluzikulu za malonda kuwombola amachita mankhwala amene analandira pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya zipangizo, mankhwala mafakitale ulimi, umene mosavuta yovomerezeka. Monga membala wa chofunika Kusinthanitsa mderalo kungakhale chilli lamulo lililonse. Membala aliyense ali ndi ufulu kuchita malonda mu holo, pali ufulu kuvota pamsonkhano, chisankho kuwombola ndi afika potenga mbali pa ntchito za makomiti osiyanasiyana.

Chofunika Kusinthanitsa: History

maonekedwe awo zinachitika kale kwambiri kuposa katundu wa. Mu Bruges mu 1409 panali woyamba chofunika kuwombola. Ndipo woyamba bungwe katundu kuwombola imatengedwa udzakhazikitsidwa Antwerp mu 1460. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, anatulukira zambiri watsopano: ku Lyon, Toulouse, London, komanso m'mizinda ina ya ku Ulaya. Mu US, choyamba chofunika kuwombola adanyamuka pa chiyambi cha m'ma lomaliza. Pa nthawi imeneyo, zikamera koposa malo atsopano malonda zogwirizana ndi chitukuko mofulumira chuma. Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi, mauthenga komanso apamwamba-liwiro zoyendera angapo kuphana mauthenga anali mofulumira kuchepetsedwa ngati zosiyanasiyana katundu kwa iwo. Mu nthawi za mtundu wawo anali mankhwala oposa mazana awiri, ndipo tsopano salinso kuposa zana. Woyamba katundu kuwombola mu Russia unakhazikitsidwa mu 1703 pambuyo amasulidwe wapadera lamulo la Peter Wamkulu, amene anaphunzira za izo ndi momwe ntchito mu Netherlands, kumene nthaŵi zambiri.

uphungu

Pa mphindi, ndi kuphana dziko chofunika kupereka malonda ndi katundu oposa zana, omwe chifukwa cha pafupifupi makumi awiri peresenti ya malonda dziko. Gulu la mankhwala ikuchitika motere:

- dzinthu;

- wapatali ndi tsinde zitsulo;

- nyama ndi moyo nyama;

- mphamvu zipangizo;

- Mbeu ya oilseeds ndi mankhwala a processing awo;

- nsalu zipangizo;

- flavoring malonda;

- mafakitale yaiwisi zipangizo.

kuphana chofunika zambiri lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu apadera ndi chilengedwe. The apadera analandira kusinthitsa ndi mizere mokwanira yopapatiza mankhwala, makamaka izo ikuchitika ndi magulu a katundu. MATIF Paris Bourse ndi wa London Chitsulo Kusinthanitsa mwina chitsanzo m'njira imeneyi gulu malonda. Kuti chilengedwe yovomerezeka kuphana chofunika mayiko, pamene buku la wotuluka ndi wamkulu. Hong Kong, Sydney, Tokyo ndi Chicago kuphana katundu akhoza kukhala zitsanzo olemekezeka kwambiri.

Kawirikawiri kusinthitsa anakhazikitsa maziko yaufulu, kuyanjana kwa mabungwe alamulo ndi anthu mayina dziko kumene msika. Cholinga cha kucheza ndi anthu otero si phindu. Kawirikawiri makampani olowa katundu, ntchito pa mtundu chatsekedwa. Nthawi zambiri, malinga ndi anthu hayala kuwombola ali ndi kachirombo osiyana. Monga apamwamba bungwe lolamulira mu nkhani iyi ndi Msonkhano wa oyambitsa lapansi. The bodi kapena Mabwana ndi chotsatira dongosolo lofunika kwambiri pa Polankhula. makomiti onse ganyu ndodo ndi kasamalidwe wamkulu ali kugonjera.

Kusinthana ntchito: hedging; tanthauzo la mtengo wa katundu tsiku ndi tsiku ndi mitengo; chitsimikizo cha ntchito udindo contractual.