Mabuku a Tolstoy. Ubwana, maphunziro, maluwa a nzeru za wolemba

Mabuku a Tolstoy amadziwika kwa munthu aliyense wophunzira padziko lonse lapansi. Leo Nikolayevich ndiye wolemba wotchuka kwambiri wa ku Russia ndi woganiza. Ntchito yake yamagulu asanu ndi atatu "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" pa imodzi yoipa ya mtundu umodzi, ena amavomereza tsatanetsatane wa tsatanetsatane. Koma izi ndizosawerengeka, zomwe ziri zoyenera zapamwamba zonse za ntchito zabwino. Ngakhale m'nthaŵi yake ya moyo, mabuku a Tolstoy anam'patsa dzina lodziwika bwino la mabuku achirasha. Ntchito yake inakhudza chitukuko cha zenizeni monga chikhalidwe, komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Ulaya.

Ubwana ndi Maphunziro

Leo Tolstoy ndi woimira akuluakulu akale. Anabwera kuchokera kwa mnzake wa Peter Wamkulu. Leo Tolstoy anabadwira m'chaka cha 1828 mu malo omwe anabadwira amasiye - Yasnaya Polyana. Pambuyo pa imfa ya makolo ake, wachibale wa kutali wa Yergolskaya, ndiyeno mlongo wa bambo ake a Osten-Saken, anayamba kuthana ndi maphunziro a mlembi wamtsogolo ndi abale ake. Anali kumapeto kwa Kazan, mnyamata wa Leva woyamba kuganizira za kufunika kokhala ndi umunthu wokha. Mabuku onse a m'tsogolo a Tolstoy adzawonetseratu mutu uwu. Poyamba, pophunzitsa Leo Tolstoy, German Roselman anaitanidwa. Anali wokoma mtima komanso wokonda kwambiri mnyamata. M'nkhaniyi, yomwe Tolstoy analemba ("Ubwana"), adawonetsa mphunzitsi wake wakale m'chifaniziro cha Karl Ivanovich. Atatha Roselman, maphunziro a mnyamatayo adachitidwa ndi Mfalansa Saint-Thomas (Saint-Jerome wa "Adolescence"). Mofanana ndi abale ake atatu, Tolstoy anaphunzira ku yunivesite ya Kazan. Chaka choyamba iye anali asagwirizane ndi sayansi ndipo chachiwiricho chinachotsedwa ndi ntchito za Montesquieu.

Kuwerenga koyamba kumakondwera

Mu 1847, pamene anali kuchipatala kuchipatala, Leo Tolstoy anayamba kulemba zolemba. Iye sanasiye ntchitoyi mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake. Mmenemo, monga Benjamin Franklin, adakhazikitsa zolinga ndi ntchito kuti adzichepetse yekha, kupambana kwake ndi zolephereka, adalongosola malingaliro ake ndi zochita zake. Iye sanabwerere ku yunivesite. Makhadi akuluakulu ku Moscow anakakamiza Leo kuti alowe usilikali. Atadutsa mayesero, wolemba mtsogolo analembetsa ngati cadet mumudzi wa Starogladov Cossack. Kuchokera pano iye anatumiza koyamba ku ofesi ya ofesi ya Sovremennik ntchito yake yoyamba - buku lodziwika bwino la Childhood. Ngati iwo sanagwirizane nazo, ndiye, mwakuya, mabuku ena a Tolstoy sakanati awonekere. Anagwira nawo masewera ambiri ndi mapiri, ndipo poteteza Sevastopol. Mu 1965 Tolstoy anasiya usilikali. Iye analemba War ndi Peace, komanso Anna Karenina. Koposa zonse Tolstoy anali ndi chidwi ndi chitukuko cha umunthu, kuthekera kwa kusintha kwake kwa makhalidwe.

"Nkhondo ndi Mtendere"

Ntchito pa ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya wolembayo inayamba ntchito pa buku la "The Decembrists". Anabwerera kwa iye nthawi zambiri m'moyo wake, koma sanamalize. Mofanana ndi mabuku ena onse a Tolstoy, Nkhondo ndi Mtendere ndi buku lofotokoza za kukula kwa umunthu. Ichi ndi chodabwitsa kwambiri m'mabuku a padziko lapansi. Ambiri amaimira mbali zonse za anthu a ku Russia, anthu osiyanasiyana ndi mibadwo yosiyana ndi nkhondo ya Napoleonis mu 1805-1812. "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" ndi cholengedwa chokondedwa ndi wolemba, korona wa ntchito yake. Mu ntchitoyi, akatswiri a Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy anawonetsedwa mu chidzalo chake. Mbali yoyamba yochokera m'magazini yambiri ya voliyumu inafalitsidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Russky Vestnik mu 1865, yomwe idalandira nthawi yomweyo. Ntchito yaikuluyi inkawonetseratu nzeru za Tolstoy: "Kutembenuka kwa mbiriyakale - iyi si ntchito ya munthu mmodzi, koma zotsatira za kugwirira ntchito limodzi."

Anna Karenina

Tolstoy mobwerezabwereza anafotokoza nkhondo ndi mtendere ngati "buku lakale." "Anna Karenina" poyamba anabadwa ndi wolemba ngati ntchito yokhudzana ndi moyo wamakono. Ndipo apa palibe zochitika za mbiriyakale. Koma moyo weniweni waumunthu ndi chitukuko chake chikuwonetsedwa. Mu buku ili palibe zochitika. Chirichonse chimatha pamenepo, kumene chinayamba, ndiko kuti, pa njanji. Akupita ku Moscow kukayanjanitsa ndi mbale wake, Anna amamva za Alexei Vronsky. Mnansi wake m'chipinda ndi amayi ake. Onse anayi akumana pa nsanja ndikudziŵa kuti pansi pa maulendo aulendo mlonda adamwalira. "Chizindikiro choipa" ichi chinachenjezedwa za kuwonongeke kwapafupi kwa banja. Chikondi choopsya cha Karenina wokwatirana ndi Vronsky chikusiyana ndi banja losangalala la Katya Shcherbatskaya komanso pafupi ndi anthu a Konstantin Levin. Bukuli linafalitsidwa koyamba m'chaka cha 1875 mu Russian Gazette.

Ntchito za Tolstoy sizidziwika bwino m'mayiko ena a Soviet, koma padziko lonse lapansi. Iwo amawerengedwanso mwachikondi ndipo nthawi iliyonse mwadzidzidzi amapeza chinachake chatsopano, tsatanetsatane kamodzi kamene kamasintha mawu ndi kupereka tanthauzo lina. Choncho, Leo Tolstoy ndi katswiri wa mabuku a Chirasha, omwe mabuku ake ndi ofunikira nthawi iliyonse.