Lungfish: oimira, zitsanzo, zithunzi

Lungfish apezeka okha atumwi wotsiriza. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, palibe moyo waona. Maganizo a iwo anali anthu okha amene mabwinja anapeza wakale. zizindikiro zawo structural anatsogolera amenewa dzina chidwi. Tiyeni tiwone chimene nsomba lungfish ndi chiyani wapadera. Mfundo ndi iyi, kuti m'gulu limeneli akhoza osati kupuma ndi makutu, komanso kuyatsa.

ndi lungfish ndi ndani?

Oimira izi superorder Lobe nsomba ndi onse gill ndi kupuma m'mapapo mwanga. Izi ndi mbali ya kapangidwe awo. Masiku ano subclass lungfish, oimira amene m'magulu awiri - rogozuboobraznye ndi dvulegochnikoobraznye, ali osowa ndithu. Anthu zokhudzana akupezeka yekha mu Africa, Australia ndi ku South America.

Kuwonjezera pa makutu mwachizolowezi, ali komanso opepuka (mmodzi kapena awiri), umene uli makamaka kusinthidwa kusambira chikhodzodzo. Kudzera makoma ake, capillaries wodzazidwa zoona, mpweya kuwombola amapezeka. Nsomba msampha mpweya pakamwa kupuma, kukwera pamwamba. Mu matenda iwoŵa kuzunguza mitu chimene chimafika mu ventricle lapansi. kudzera m'mitsempha yake kumatsika mwazi wa matupi ndi ku kwanja kwendi ya atrium ndi ufulu ventricle theka. magazi, akubwera kuchokera phapo akulowa kumanzere kwa mtima. Choona chidwi n'chakuti magazi m'mapapo mwanga zina apindula ndi mpweya zimagwiritsa m'zotengera amene kudutsa makutu kwa mutu ndi ziwalo zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo gawo lachiwiri la kudzanja lamanja la mtima, nayenso, ndi kudutsa mu makutu m'zotengera ŵa m'mapapo. Iwo likukhalira kuti magazi olemera ndi mpweya osauka akadali pang'ono kukwiya ziwiya ndi mtima. Nde tikhoza kukamba za chiyambi wosazindikira a magulu awiri a magazi aziyenda bwino mu lungfish lapansi.

Ancient lungfish

Lungfish - oimira gulu wakale kwambiri. Panopa iwo ali pakati pa madipoziti kuchokera nthawi Devonian (Paleozoic nyengo). Ndithu nthawi yaitali, nsomba zinali zodziwika kokha kwa mafupawa. Ndipo mu 1835 anatulukira kuti protopter, tikukhala mu Africa - ndi lungfish.

Subclass lungfish, oimira amene anapulumuka masiku ano, imakhala mitundu isanu yokha:

1. Australia Queensland Lungfish - kumuwombera-m'mapapo.
2. South America lungfish a dongosolo dvulegochnyh.
3. Anayi mitundu Protopterus kwa Africa (dvulegochnye).

Mwachionekere, iwo anali onse ndi makolo awo ndi madzi oyera nsomba.

Australia Queensland Lungfish

Ndi nsomba lungfish ndi Australia Queensland Lungfish. Amakumana nawo mbali yaing'ono kwambiri ya ku chigwa cha mitsinje Mary ndi Burnett kumpoto-kum'mawa Australia. Izi lalikulu nsomba mpaka 175 masentimita, ndi masekeli makilogalamu oposa khumi.

Queensland Lungfish lalikulu flattened m'mbali wokutidwa ndi mamba lalikulu. Large wophatikizidwa zipsepse ofanana ndi zipsepse. Queensland Lungfish thupi mtundu zimasiyanasiyana red-bulauni kwa buluu imvi, ndi mimba Ndithu mbandakucha mthunzi.

Anthu nsomba mitsinje ikuyenda pang'onopang'ono, pamene pali pamwamba ndi pansi pa madzi m'nkhalango. Aliyense mphindi makumi asanu Queensland Lungfish limatuluka pamwamba ndi phokoso akumasula mpweya m'mapapo. Pa nthawi yomweyo amapanga osati tibuwula, osati grunting, sipangakhalenso anamva patali mokwanira. Mpweya mpweya wabwino, nsomba kachiwiri limalephera.

Habitat rozoguba

Queensland Lungfish makamaka amathera nthawi pansi, atagona pa mimba zawo kapena ataima pa zipsepse lastopodobnyh. Kufunafuna chakudya, iye akuyamba kukwawa pang'onopang'ono. amasambira Nsomba ndi wochedwa. Komabe, ngati ndi kuwopsyeza, ndiye wayamba ntchito mofulumira mchira, potero mofulumira kayendedwe ake.

Mu nthawi ya chilala pamene mtsinje kukhala osaya, Queensland Lungfish zimachitika zitsime otsala ndi madzi. Mu madzi otentha, wopanda mpweya, nsomba onse aphedwa, ndipo inasanduka akununkha slush zauve. Izi zikachitika, adzapulumuka okha lungfish, amene oimira amatha kupuma mosavuta. Komabe, ngati madzi ukuphwera kwathunthu, ndi Queensland Lungfish kufa chifukwa, mosiyana ndi South America ndi African asuweni, sangathe zimabisala.

Spawning nsomba imagwera pa nyengo ya mvula pamene mtsinje pomizika ndi madzi. Queensland Lungfish mazira Large chagona pa Seaweed. Patapita masiku 12 mphutsi kuoneka kuti pamaso pa resorption wa sac yolk ndi pansi, zina pang'ono chokwawa padziko mtunda waufupi.

Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti pa tsiku la 14 pambuyo kuoneka mwachangu obadwa iwo anayamba ntchito mosavuta. Queensland Lungfish ndi chokoma, ndi kuwagwira iwo Ndi yosavuta. Izi ndi zimene zinachititsa kuti kuchepa lakuthwa chiwerengero chawo. Panopa, iwo kukuteteza, kuwonjezera, akapereka kuti asamukire iwo mu madzi ena Australia.

Protopter - African lungfish

Ndi lungfish ndi nsomba ndi protopter. Iwo amakhala mu Africa ndipo ulusi-ngati zipsepse. Mitundu ya zinayi zija pa kulalikira, yaikulu - ndi protopter lalikulu - kufika kutalika mamita oposa theka. Wapakati kutalika kwa nsomba - makumi atatu masentimita. Kusambira nsomba monga eels, writhing thupi. Koma pansi kupita kuwathandiza zipsepse filamentous. Choona chidwi ndi khungu wolemera zolandilira zipsepse. Kamodzi plavnichok wokhudza chinachake edible, nsomba yomweyo adzagwira nyama yake. Protopter nthawi pops ndi kupuma mpweya wabwino. Protopter moyo chapakati Africa. Kodi malo okhala lungfish kusankha? Oimira mtundu wanji mitsinje ndi nyanja mu m'madambo omwe chaka anasefukira pa mvula ndi youma pa chilala. Mu chirimwe madzi ndi adatchithisira ku masentimita asanu ndi khumi. Pamenepo protopter nthawi kuyamba kukumba maenje okha.

Nsomba pakamwa zimatenga pansi, kenako pulverized ndi amaponyera izo kunja kupyolera makutu a. Nora ndi sitiroko umodzi, limene lili kumapeto kwa kamera, kumene Ndipotu, protopter, anawerama mu theka ndi kuika mutu wake.

Mpaka ndiye, mpaka madzi wauma kwathunthu, nsomba limatuluka kupuma. Pamenepo madzi mawere mu dzenje yl toyalana linanena bungwe. Ndiye izo protopter sangakhoze kutuluka. Iye anangoti pokes ndi kuipanikiza mu Nkhata Bay kuchokera matope, kukweza iye. Pambuyo kuyanika, izo zimakhala porous ndi limalola mpweya limene limathandiza nsomba wopulumuka, pokhala hibernation.

The madzi mdzenje pang'ono ndi pang'ono kukhala viscous kwambiri chifukwa ntchofu tochoka protopter. Nthaka pang'onopang'ono zambiri youma, ndipo madzi kugwa mu dzenje. Motero, gulu ofukula ladzala ndi mpweya. Wopindidwa, nsomba mabasi m'chipinda m'munsi. thupi aumbike padziko chikhungwa ake a ntchofu. Ndi okhumudwa protopter kuyembekezera mvula, umene umachitika pokhapokha 6 - 9 miyezi.

Khalidwe la nsomba m'nthawi ya chilimwe

N'zochititsa chidwi chokwanira khalidwe ndi malo awo lungfish. Oimira (zithunzi amaoneka m'nkhani) wa gulu nawo zasayansi. Choncho, protopter anali akugona kuposa zaka zinayi, ndi mapeto a phunziroli, iwo anadzuka bwinobwino.

M'nthawi ya dormancy nsomba yafupika kwambiri kagayidwe. Komabe, miyezi isanu ndi umodzi protopter kutaya mpaka 20 peresenti ya misa. Mphamvu ya thupi alandira chifukwa kusokonezeka kwa thupi, chifukwa amoniya amasonkhana mu thupi. Nthawi yogwira nsomba mwabata akutuluka, koma nthawi hibernation inasanduka urea poizoni kwambiri, anthu ambiri amene ali okwanira. Koma poyizoni wa thupi zimachokeradi. Kodi tingafunse bata ndi mpemphero.

Ndi isanayambike nyengo ya mvula imayamba pang'onopang'ono kunyowetsa nthaka madzi chimadzaza dzenje, protopter, kuswa Gulugufe, zina pokes mutu wake ndi Mpweya mpweya. Kamodzi madzi kwathunthu kuphimba pansi pa dziwe, nsomba adzasiya ndi burrow. Patapita mwezi ndi hafu protopter kuyamba kuswana nyengo. Pa nthawi iyi, champhongo digs muyezo latsopano mu chitsamba ndi nyambo kwa wamkaziyo, likuchedwa mazira 5000. Ndipo patapita masiku 7 mphutsi kuoneka. Ndipo pambuyo masabata 4 mwachangu kuyamba kudya paokha ndi kusiya burrow. Kwa nthawi yaitali, iwo tiwolokere pambali pa iye, kubisala pa ngozi pang'ono. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi mwamuna nthawi zonse padziko mdzenje ndi kuteteza kwa adani.

protopter mdima

Poganizira mutu wa "lungfish: oimira, maina" m'pofunika kukumbukira inanso woimira izi kalasi - mdima protopter. Iye amakhala mu beseni ndi Congo ndi Ogooué ankaona achinyontho, kumene mobisa madzi anakhalabe ngakhale mu nthawi ya chilala. Pamene madzi akuyamba kuchepa mu mtsinje, nsomba kuika mu yl pansi, kufika pansi. Pali protopter imakhala nyengo yadzuwa, zilibe kulenga Gulugufe, izo limatuluka pamwamba nthawi kupuma mpweya.

Nora nsomba umafuna Inde ndipo kumapeto kwa m'chipinda. Asodzi kuti chitetezo izi protopter zisanu - zaka khumi. Una mmenenso ndi spawning. amuna Izi chochitika kukonzekera pasadakhale, podzimangirira padziko mulu wa matope, amene angafikire ndi kutalika kwa mita imodzi.

Lungfish, mwachidule anafotokoza mu pepala athu, nthawi zonse chidwi asayansi, kotero iwo ndi zachilendo ndi chidwi. Protopter ofufuza chidwi ogonetsa. Biochemists Sweden ndi England anali kuyesera kupeza zinthu kuchokera mthupi la nsomba, zomwe zingawathandize kuti zimabisala. Ndipo kodi chidwi: pamene Tingafinye ku ubongo wa nsomba kugona anali jekeseni m'magazi a makoswe choyezera, kutentha thupi nkhani anayamba kutha mofulumira, iwo anagona mofulumira kwambiri, nthawi yomweyo. Kugona inatenga maola 18. Pambuyo kudzuka ku makoswe sanathe kupeza chizindikiro chilichonse tulo yokumba. thunthu sanapereke zochita chilichonse choopsa.

American South lungfish, kapena lepidosiren

Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza bwino lungfish kusinthasintha awo mikhalidwe aziopa kwathunthu moyo. Ndipo komabe, ngakhale zinthu zikatero, chifukwa luso kupuma m'njira ziwiri, nsomba liziyenda bwino.

The kalasi Dvoyakodyshashie nsomba, amene oimira anali pamwamba ife gawo ndi American South lungfish, amene amakhala mu Amazon. Kutalika kwa nsomba ukufika mamita 1.2. Iwo umakhala zambiri Madamu zosakhalitsa lodzaza pa mvula kapena mumapezeka. Dyetsani cheshuychatniki nyama chakudya, makamaka molluscs. Mukadye ndi chomera chakudya. Pamene atayanika nsomba dziwe lili pansi pa dzenje ndi azikagogoda ndi lama fuyusi ndi. Komabe, iwo alibe kupanga cocoons. M'tulo nsomba atazungulira ntchofu ndi moisten ndi pansi. Maziko kagayidwe mphamvu, mosiyana protopter, ndi anapeza mafuta.

A masabata pambuyo osefukira wa posungira South America lungfish amayamba kuchulukana. Male chimakakamiza dzenje lomwe kufika mamita theka m'litali. M'madera ambiri kuya kwake, iye chimakakamiza udzu ndi masamba, lomwe akazi chiikire mazira. Yaimuna amakhalabe burrow ndi kuteteza achinyamata. Panthawi imeneyi zipsepse wake ventral kuoneka zophuka. Ena ichthyologists kunena ndi nthawi zina makutu kunja kupuma. Ena amakhulupirira kuti ndi zophuka awa nsomba akutumiza mpweya tsankho anatengedwa pamene anatola padziko dziwe. Zoona kapena ayi, ndi losadziwika. Komabe, itatha nthawi ya kubereka outgrowths kutha.

Lungfish. oimira coelacanth

nthumwi ina lungfish ndi coelacanth (coelacanths). Iwo ndi ochepa kwambiri ndi okutidwa ndi chophimba mwachinsinsi. Iwo amakhala mu Comoros. Komabe, asodzi zinalembedwa mu mbiriyakale ya ndalama osati oposa mazana awiri. Kutalika kwa nsomba ndi kwa masentimita 43 mpaka 180, ndi kulemera ndi 95 kg. Choona chidwi n'chakuti coelacanths onse wagwidwa kuchokera September mpaka April, ndipo mu mdima. Asodzi kukakwera nyambo awo nyama kapena nsomba zidutswa. Ndodo kuponyedwa pa kuya yabwino (mamita 150 400). Kuyesa zapangidwa kuti akakole misampha ndi coelacanth kapena trawls, koma kanthu anadza kwa izo. Mwina chifukwa mpumulo zovuta nsomba zosiyanasiyana.

Coelacanth - lungfish. Iwo ali ndithu dongosolo chidwi. Mwachitsanzo, alibe vertebrae. msana aumbike mwa nkhungu pakati zotanuka. Kusambira chikhodzodzo, wantchito zophweka kuti lungfish, yafupika chubu yaing'ono. maso Coelacanth ndinazolowera moyo mu mdima. coelacanth Biology anaphunzira pang'ono kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri chidwi kwambiri mawu a lungfish awo wamoyo. Oimira (mndandanda awo zapatsidwa ife m'nkhani) a m'gulu limeneli ndi lapadera zokwanira. Iwo ali pansi pali ambiri. Komanso, chifukwa cha kukoma zabwino, iwo akali pansi awonongedwe.

Koma ngati coelacanth ndi nsomba ake si mophweka. Asayansi kuti akukhala pakati pa basalt miyala Comoros miyala pa kuya kwambiri. Anthu Nthawi zina kuti kugwa kwa asodzi nyambo, ndithudi, anali pansi Kupenda kwambiri. Choncho, m'mimba mwawo amakhalabe nsomba pansi pa nyanja apezeka tikukhala mu 500 chikwi akuya mamita. Ambiri mwina, ndi coelacanth amangokhala moyo, ngakhale monga ife kale anayankhula za nsomba lungfish, iwo akhoza kupanga lakuthwa chitaya, chifukwa mchira cholimba. Makina komanso wophatikizidwa zipsepse kuwathandiza Finyani mu m'mapanga a thanthwe. Coelacanth sadzalekerera dzuwa lowala ndi kutentha zigawo madzi pamwamba.

Last nthumwi Crossopterygii padziko lapansi

Ndipotu coelacanth - ndi mtundu okha wa coelacanthidae nsomba wotsalayo. kudziwika awo ndi ofanana ndi wa kupeza dinosaur moyo.

Inde, coelacanth ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi akapolo anzawo akale wakale, amene kamodzi kumene kuli madzi osaya madzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo atsopano. anapezazi zimene asayansi pamaziko a mafupa. Mwa njira, ntchito zomwezo, malasha, akatswiri anapeza kuti coelacanths wakale moyo wina miliyoni 400 zapitazo, kutanthauza kuti ngakhale zinyamazi lapansi.

Coelacanth - woimira padzikoli Crossopterygii. anapeza inali anapezazo lalikulu mu Zoological kumunda zaka mazana makumi awiri. Izi zinachitika mu 1938. Asodzi Indian Ocean anagwira lalikulu kwambiri osadziwika nsomba ndi khalidwe zokwanira aukali. maphunziro ake zinachititsa kuti anapeza odabwitsa - kuti ndi kazembe womaliza wa Crossopterygii pansi amene musanayambe zochitikazi zinatha kwa nthawi yaitali.

coelacanth malo okhazikika zaka. Pang'onopang'ono ife tinapeza kuti iye amakhala pafupi atatu zilumba Comoros ndi gombe la kum'mwera Mozambique ndi kum'mwera kumadzulo gombe la Madagascar. A anthu nsomba ndi kugombe la Indonesia anapeza mu 1998.

Panopa, asayansi akulankhula za mitundu iwiri ya Latimer - Indonesia ndi kamorskoy. Kodi nsomba zambiri pali mozungulira gombe la Indonesia, ndi osadziwika, koma Comoros Pali mazana awiri anthu. coelacanths onse kwambiri kuunikira. Kugwira nsomba izi koletsedwa.