Kuphunzitsa dongosolo maphunziro ambiri: zolinga komanso masomphenya

Didactic dongosolo maphunziro ndi dongosolo Integrated chikukhudza kuchita zinazake, mfundo gulu, njira ndi mawonekedwe a maphunziro.

mitundu

Ofufuza amakono kusiyanitsa zigawo zitatu zazikulu didactic kuti asemphana kwambiri pakati pawo:

• Didactics Herbart.
• Dewey dongosolo.
• Wangwiro lingaliro.

Tiyeni tiyese kudziwa makhalidwe a aliyense wa iwo, kupeza zinthu zofanana ndi chosiyana.

didactics Herbart

German nzeru zapamwamba Gerbart I. F. kusanthula ndi M'mawu akeake, anagwira kalasi-phunziro mawonekedwe Polish mphunzitsi Yana Kamenskogo. Herbart zachitika dongosolo yakeyake njira didactic chiphunzitso, zochokera zitsulo zikayenda ongolankhula wa zamaganizo ndi maganizo a zaka 18-19. Mapeto a lonse ndondomeko maphunziro maphunziro German mphunzitsi ankaona Mzimu wamphamvu wa munthu wanzeru kuthana ndi mavuto alionse. Cholinga chopambana cha dongosolo didactic anazindikiritsidwa mu mapangidwe makhalidwe abwino a munthu.

malingaliro Lamulo la maphunziro Herbart

Mwa mfundo zazikulu zimene iye akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito njira yophunzitsa, zapadera:

• Ungwiro munda zolinga za mwana, kufufuza malangizo kukula abwino.
• Chokoma, amene adzaonetsetsa kugwirizana pakati pa zofuna zawo ndi zofuna za ena.
• Justice zoperewerazo chipongwe onse ndi kuthana ndi mavuto.
• ufulu mkati, kukhala kotheka kuti agwirizane zikhulupiriro ndi zilakolako za munthu.

Ethics ndi mphunzitsi zamaganizo anali ndi khalidwe akamabadwa. machitidwe ake didactic zochokera German nzeru idealist. Mwa magawo waukulu gerbartovskoy didactics Nkofunika kudziwa chisamaliro cha sukulu ya mapangidwe aluntha a ana. Pankhani ya maphunziro a munthu, ndiye ntchito imeneyi anatumizidwa Herbart banja. Mapangidwe amphamvu, m'makhalidwe khalidwe la ana, akuti kugwiritsa ntchito malangizo okhwima. Poti maganizo, aphunzitsi amayenera kukhala zitsanzo zabwino za kuona mtima ndi kukhulupirika kwa ana awo.

Limatchula didactics Herbart

Ntchito utsogoleri sukulu ndi kuonetsetsa ntchito mpaka kalekale ophunzira kukonza maphunziro awo pogwira polojekiti mosalekeza chitukuko awo ozindikira ndipo thupi, ophunzira accustom kuyitanitsa ndi chilango. Ku sukulu sanali chisokonezeko, Herbart akufuna kuyambitsa ziletso zina ndi malamulo oletsa. Pankhani ya kuswa malamulo ambiri amavomereza, analoleza ntchito chilango logwirika. Adawatengera mitundu ya phunziro mu dongosolo didactic zikutanthauza ntchito pazipita ntchito yeniyeni. mphunzitsi German anasamala mwapadera kaphatikizidwe wa chifuniro, maganizo, nzeru, malangizo ndi dongosolo.

Kutanthauza mfundo didactic

Iye ndiye anali woyamba akufuna maphunziro osati osiyana ndi maphunziro, ankaona awiri a aphunzitsi a mawu okha akaphatikiza lapansi. Chopereka chachikulu m'dziko lake didactic maphunziro wakhala Kugawilidwa kwanthaka zingapo kaperekedwe ka maphunziro. Iye akufuna chiwembu chimene zikumveka wa gulu zadutsa, ndiye dongosolo, ndiyeno njira. ndondomeko za maphunziro, anamanga pamaziko a zithunzi, amene pang'onopang'ono anali kupita luso ongolankhula. Luso yeniyeni mwa lingaliro anayamba ndi Herbart, mwa funso. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti kunali kofunika kupereka wophunzira kudziwa ongolankhula, koma ngati iye kapena ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, zilibe kanthu kuti sukulu.

otsatira Herbart

Ophunzira ndi kuchiyang'anira mphunzitsi German anayamba T. Ziller, mosavuta B., F. Dörpfeld. Anakhoza kukhala ndi modernize maganizo a mphunzitsi wake, anayesetsa kuchotsa kachitidwe kawo zamawonekedwe didactic ndi unilateralism. Kulamulira magawo asanu a maphunziro kunachitika ndi allocated lililonse okhutira, zolinga zikuluzikulu, akufuna njira ya zolinga. Mu chiwembu chake anasonyeza wagawo ndi zinthu zatsopano, ndi mgwirizano zambiri podziwa kuti ophunzira anapatsidwa poyamba, komanso kaphatikizidwe ndi chiyesedwe cha luso anapeza.

Kuyerekezera mfundo zingapo didactic

Aphunzitsi Sizinali mosamalitsa kutsatira masitepe onse ofunda a maphunziro, iwo anapatsidwa ufulu kukhala njira chitukuko cha maganizo a ana, iwo adzalandira maphunziro zonse. madongosolo otero didactic njira yophunzirira analipo mpaka cha m'ma lomaliza Europe. zamaganizo Modern mumakhutira kuti mfundo kungasokoneze ntchito ya sukulu. Kwa nthawi yaitali dongosolo lonse didactic lolunjika pa kulanda aphunzitsi kwa ophunzira kudziwa wokonzeka. Ngakhale amene mapangidwe zinthu kudziletsa kuzindikira, maonekedwe a zinthu, mwa funso. Wophunzira anayenera kukhala mwachete kalasi, mvetserani mosamala wakeyo, molondola ndipo mwamsanga kuchita malangizo ake onse ndi malangizo. The passivity ophunzira anatsogolera chakuti iwo alibe chikhumbo kudziwa, nambala yaikulu ophunzira amene sanafune kudziwa, kuphonya sukulu, adawatonthoza zizindikiro mtima. Panalibe aphunzitsi ndi mwayi chizindikiritso ndi chitukuko cha ophunzira luso ndi mphatso. Dongosolo pafupifupi amaganiza ndi kutsatira zikayenda munthu wophunzira aliyense. Onani kuti popanda didactics Herbart, padzakhala kusintha zabwino mu dongosolo la maphunziro, zimachitika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma otsiriza ndipo akupitiriza lero.

Didactics Dzhona Dyui

American wophunzitsa ndi zamaganizo Dzhon Dyui anayamba kusiyana authoritarian chitsanzo Herbart aphunzitsi. ntchito zake akhala counterweight weniweni malingaliro maphunziro alipo. American wophunzitsa ananena kuti dongosolo zikuluzikulu zophunzitsira zilipo pamaso pake, zinachititsa yekha ndi maphunziro zachiphamaso a sukulu. Chifukwa chakuti yomwenso waukulu anaikidwa pa kulanda kudziwa ongolankhula, panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati zenizeni. Ophunzira "modzaza" mudziwe sakanakhoza kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso pa moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Komanso, ana kulandira "okonzeka zopangidwa kudziwa", sanafune kuyesetsa kuti paokha kufufuza mfundo. Iwo sanapite mu dongosolo German maphunziro ndi mawu a zofuna mayina ndi zosowa za ana, zofuna za anthu, ndi chitukuko cha payekha. Dewey, zatsopano wake unayambira ku sukulu ya Chicago mu 1895. Iye analenga khadi file masewera didactic lakonzedwa kuti patsogolo ntchito za ana. Mphunzitsiyo angathe kukhala yachilendo ya "ganizo lonse". maganizo maganizo ndi nzeru zaumunthu a wolemba, mwana ayamba kuganiza pamene pali mavuto ena pamaso pake. Ilo liri mu ndondomeko ya mavuto, mwana ayamba kuganiza. "Full kuchita" maganizo a Dewey kumafuna njira zina:

• Zikamera wa mavuto.
• Pozindikira mavuto.
• Chiphunzitso cha malingaliro.
• Kunyamula nzeru yotsimikizira za amanena poyera.
• Analysis wa zotsatira za kafukufuku komanso zimene timaona.
• Kuthana ndi mavuto.

Limatchula didactics Dewey

Wapamwamba analengedwa ndi woyambitsa didactic masewera ankafuna "vuto ofotokoza kuphunzira." Njira imeneyi mofulumira ndithu anapeza mbali mwa zamaganizo European ndi aphunzitsi. Pa ntchito dongosolo American m'masukulu Soviet, tiona kuti pofuna anali, koma iye sanali korona bwino. Chidwi ngati didactics anaonekera mu Russia yekha kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 21. Kufunika kwa mfundo za American Dewey n'zotheka njira kusiyanitsidwa kwa maphunziro ndi maphunziro wophunzira aliyense. The phunziro dongosolo lino siteji ya liwulo vuto, chiphunzitso cha malingaliro, kusaka aligorivimu zochita, kuphunzira, kusanthula zotsatira, chiphunzitso cha mfundo, kutsimikizira kugwilizana ndi kuika kungoganizira.

Kuyerekezera dongosolo miyambo ndi mfundo Dewey

American anakhala Albucasis woona wa ndondomeko pedagogical. M'malo mwa "kuphunzira buku" anapatsidwa mwayi wa kupeza yogwira nzeru ndi luso. Patsogolo ufulu wodzilamulira ntchito chidziwitso cha ophunzira, aphunzitsi anayamba kuthandiza ana ake. mphunzitsi amatsogolera mwana, kum'thandiza kuthetsa mavuto, kuika kungoganizira kudzatunga mfundo zotsatira analandira. M'malo maphunziro chakale anapereka American mapulani munthu, zimene mungathe kudziŵa za magulu. Kuyambira akuyamba nkhani ya kusiyanitsidwa ndi payekha malangizo, gulu la mapulogalamu pa milingo zikuluzikulu ndi apadera. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa mfundo zake Dewey kumapeto, chifukwa sukulu yake unawoneka palokha kafukufuku ntchito a sukulu.

Pomaliza

Kachitidwe sukulu nthawi zonse chifukwa akweza, zovuta, chifukwa mapulogalamu nzeru mwakuchita zamaganizo ndi aphunzitsi. Mwa malingaliro ambiri didactic kuti zinalengedwa pa zaka ziwiri zapitazi, chofunika kwambiri ndi dongosolo tingachipeze powerenga za Herbart, Dewey nzeru pulogalamu. Ndi ntchito zimenezi zimajambulidwa pa mbali yaikulu ya maphunziro, zomwe Tingaone mu masukulu lero. Kusanthula zochita yatsopano, tiona kuphunzira "mwa kutsegula" bungwe American wophunzitsa Jerome Bruner. zinthu izi lathu mu zofunika kwa anthu omaliza maphunziro a m'sukulu za pulayimale ya GEF. Ophunzira ayenera kuphunzira malamulo zikuluzikulu ndi zochitika za chikhalidwe, kulunjika kwa moyo wa anthu, kuthera kafukufuku wawo, kuchita nawo ntchito payekha ndi gulu.

NdiAmene wa mbadwo watsopano yachiwiri mfundo boma ntchito pa ntchito zawo, mfundo zingapo maphunziro, kusankha bwino ziphunzitso zimenezi. Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu dongosolo ano didactic analipira mapangidwe munthu zogwirizana wonyada wa Dziko Lathu amadziwa ndipo amalemekeza miyambo yonse ya anthu ake. Kuti maphunziro kusukulu wakhala ndinazolowera zikhalidwe yamakono ya moyo, zofunika kwambiri wapatsidwa chitukuko kudzikonda. mphunzitsi salinso "wolamulira," iye basi amatumiza ophunzira ake, kumatithandiza kupirira mavuto kuyambika.