Kodi boti boti? Zikuyenda-dongosolo. Mnogopalubnoe lalikulu chilikupita ngalawa

Mosakhalitsa anali anthu anaimirira pamwamba mlingo wa kalabu mwala ndipo anayamba kufufuza m'dzikoli, iwo anazindikira yomweyo mwayi wotani kulonjeza mauthenga maulendo nyanja. Inde, ngakhale mtsinje, madzi a zimenezi mwamsanga ndiponso bwinobwino kusuntha, anachita mbali yaikulu mu chitukuko cha chitukuko chamakono.

Phindu kwa munthu chilikupita

Sitikudziwa ndi zambiri sikudzamvekanso amadziwika bwanji ndi kumene anaonekera woyamba boti. Koma chinthu chimodzi chokha ndi zina - munthu amene anapanga izo, mu kukopa kwake pa tsogolo la chitukuko ofanana ndi amene anayambitsa gudumu. Otsiriza, ndi momwe, nafenso sitikudziwa, koma kukumbukira kosatha. Tinayenda zombo kudzera njira, umatchedwa m'chombo, yoyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu ya mphepo.

Iwo sailboats kunapangitsa chitukuko cha chitukuko. Woyamba wa amalinyero akale amene mwangwiro katswiri luso la "kugwira mphepo" anayamba Agiriki ndiponso mwina Sumerians. Kenako, kanjedza anatenga Foinike ndi Scandinavia, amene, malinga ndi kafukufuku panopa, kubwera pagombe pa Drakkar awo ku gombe la North America kale Columbus. Choncho boti - akafuna zoyendera limene munthu woyamba anawoloka Atlantic ndi Pacific, pa sitima zoterozo Magellan kuti zombozi woyamba "ulendo".

Woyamba "sailboats"

Zombo choyamba akhoza yopita, ayenera kuti galleys. Zonse zinayamba ndi maboti yosavuta kupalasa ku Egypt, ndipo zinatha ... akukhulupirira kuti zombo lotsiriza la mtundu uwu ankagwiritsa ntchito ndipo pambuyo Kutulukira injini nthunzi, kotero kuti iwo anatumikira anthu kwa nthawi yaitali.

Galleys zombo lakonzedwa kuti ntchito mwapadera mu zikhalidwe za osaya dhuzi na gombe, ndi Aigupto, ndipo nthawi zambiri anali athyathyathya-bottomed. Kumene, seaworthiness kwambiri analibe sitima zoterozo. Zikuyenda iwo anali ambiri wosazindikira, molunjika, tiyeni tipite ku mphepo kokha pamene yachiwiriyi akudutsa. Kotero kodi ife pansipa ndi mitundu ngalawa ndi galleys Musapereke. Ndipotu, kuziona ngati ziwiya zonse kunachitika chilikupita zosatheka.

Gulu la ngalawa

Kenako shipbuilders katswiri umisiri dziko ndi zovuta zambiri, kuzipatsa kumanga ngalawa seaworthiness kunadetsa bwino. Izo ziyenera kuyambitsa masamba a m'nkhaniyi, losavuta gulu la zombo kupitiriza asasokonezeke:

• M'chombo (frigate). Inde, aliyense Sitima angatchedwe choncho. Choncho ankatchedwa zombo okhawo amene anali masts atatu. Kupalasa - yekha kulongosola, koma pa mizzen wa Komanso, panalinso "slash" zida, amalola kuyenda tacks. anali mitundu ngalawa chiyani?
• Burke amatchedwanso m'chombomo pamodzi ndi masts atatu, koma woyamba awiri anali yekha matanga lalikulu, ndi wachitatu - yekha oblique.
• Brig - pafupifupi mofanana frigate, monga inkayenda brig. Pa mizzen kupalasa alinso ndi oblique, koma ena kufufuza za - molunjika basi.
• Bwalo otchedwa galimoto iliyonse ndi chiwerengero cha mitengo yonyamulira ya ziwiri. Koma osachepera awiri a iwo anali kusunga matanga oblique.
• Polutoramachtovye bwalo. Iwo mainsail ndi mizzen, ngati unali "zinaphatikizidwa" mu dongosolo limodzi.
• Single-masted ziwiya. Mukhoza ndikuganiza, mlongoti iwo anali mmodzi yekha. Monga ulamuliro, matanga anali mophweka kwambiri, mwachindunji.

Ndi momwemo zimachitika kuti mtundu ambiri mu mbiri apanyanja dziko wakhala boti brig. Ngalawa zimenezi zinali zosavuta frigate ndi bwalo tikukonza, ndi makonzedwe bwino rigged ali kuyenda ndi liwiro makhalidwe abwino.

Galleons ndi kusintha navigation

Woyamba boti boti, apangidwa makamaka kwa nthawi yaitali kuwoloka nyanja - ichi ndi galleon. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti sitima yoyamba kalasi anali Karakka Mary Rose 1512 zomangamanga m'manja mwa British. Komabe, Chipwitikizi ndi chikhulupiriro chonse kuti iwo anali ndi mwayi kulenga galleons, chifukwa poyamba anamanga caravels.

Koma panali onse zombo zimenezi si kuchokera zikande, chifukwa kuthekera yomanga anaonekera kokha pamene makampani shipbuilding ali odzipereka kwambiri mwa zinthu luso ndi atulukira zaka. Mwachitsanzo, galleon - uyu ndiye woyamba mnogopalubnoe boti. Kuti dongosolo yaikulu anapanga kwathunthu nkhuni ndi ntchito osachepera chitsulo zikusowa, chabe Sichinatsitsidwe anakomoka, shipbuilders anali ndi digiri yapamwamba kwambiri luso akatswiri.

Kufufuza mu munda wa yomanga alumikizana sitimayo

Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti chiwembu chakale yomanga ngalawa, pamene nyumba wapangidwa poyamba, ndiyeno izo mchimake, kupangidwa ndi Byzantines kuzungulira kumapeto kwa woyamba Zakachikwi AD. Lisanaperekedwe, zombo amisiri anasonkhana, poyamba kupangitsa thupi, ndipo kenako mapulani ake "kuti akuyendera" chimango. Pankhaniyi zinali zovuta kukwaniritsa mkulu molondola, choncho ngalawa zolimba panyanja mkulu analandira infrequently.

Malire a angwiro zaka - yaing'ono ziwiri masted chilikupita ngalawa imene kunali kotheka kuti moperewera ulendo, koma zapaderazi wake - cabotage.

Njira yachangu kuti chiwembu Byzantine ankatembenukira kum'mwera kwa Ulaya, kumene sitima zoterozo anamanga kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma XIV, British anayamba kuchita izo penapake mu 1500, ndipo ku Northern Europe zombo ndi losavuta chibanthu akalowa m'madera ena anali kumanga zana la 16. Poyamba, mayina a zombo, zopangidwa ndi njira Byzantine, nthawi zonse lili ndi muzu wa "Carvel" izo zimatanthauza yomanga chimango, ndi zake wotsatira "yosalala" kupanga. Choncho - ndi caravel, ndi ochepa boti boti, ali seaworthiness kwambiri.

Ubwino wa njira yatsopano

Shipbuilders alandira zambiri za ubwino pamene iye potsiriza anasamukira ku zotengera nyama msonkhano. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri - chimango kuchokera m'masiku oyambirira a zomangamanga amalola amanena mawonekedwe a tsogolo la chombo, contours ake ndi kusamutsidwa yomweyo kuzindikira kuthekera kapangidwe zolakwika. Komanso, umisiri walola kuwonjezeka kwambiri mu kukula kwa zombo pogwiritsa ntchito chimango cholimba ndi "springy", umene angaimbidwenso ngakhale katundu wolemera kwambiri.

Komanso, khungu akhoza kuyamba kuli matabwa lonse, kulola kwambiri kuchepetsa ndalama kumanga komanso kuti asiye yodula wa thundu zana zakubadwa. Mwachitsanzo, yaing'ono ziwiri masted chilikupita chombo anamanga pa ndondomeko otere akhale "odulidwa" kuchokera paini ndi mtengo ndiponso birch, ndi seaworthiness ake si sakuyenda.

Pa maphunziro a anthu ogwira

Pomaliza, izo zikanakhala zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito antchito kwambiri zochepa aluso: mwachindunji kumbuyo kapangidwe akukumana anthu ochepa, ndi amisiri ankachita yekha chophimba. Pomanga zombo mitundu oyambirira, aliyense wa iwo ayenera kuti pafupifupi katswiri wa luso lake. Anakweza yomanga processability komanso amaloledwa kuchita zambiri kusiyana zombo panyanja.

Aliyense wa awa lalikulu mnogopalubnoe boti mu mphamvu yake nkhondowo wapamwamba kuposa khumi ndi awiri oyambirira zosamveka chotengera, umenenso ndi lalikulu, anali wabwino kwa navigation m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Ufa zida zankhondo ndi sailboats

Kale mu zaka 14-15 mu ntchito apanyanja uyamba kufalikira mwachangu onga zida zankhondo, koma akhala anaika okha basi zoikamo sitimayo amene ankafuna oponya mivi. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti amphamvu "siyana", anapanga chombo kusokonekera kwambiri, ngakhale pa mukubwadamuka wotsika.

Posachedwa mfuti anayamba kuikidwa m'gulu olamulira kotenga cha chida, koma pa sitimayo pamwamba. Komabe, kusunga mfuti umalimbana moto pa nthawi yomweyo zinali zovuta kwambiri chifukwa chaichi ntchito dzenje wozungulira kudula kupyolera mu mbali. Mu yamtendere, iwo plugged ndi sankafuna matabwa.

Izi madoko kwa mfuti anali ndi chiyambi chabe cha m'ma 16. luso Izi anagwetsa chilengedwe cha lalikulu ndi zida zamphamvu za Nkhondo. Chotero lalikulu boti mnogopalubnoe mwangwiro ili kwa nkhondo onse panyanja, komanso zoti awonjezere m'dziko la tsogolo la Latin America.

Zimphona za Ages Middle

Koma kutchula koyamba za galleon tingachipeze powerenga zopezeka mu mbiri yakale chibwenzi ku chaka cha 1535. ubwino wake mwamsanga anayamikira Spanish ndi English. Mosiyana ndi zombo zina pa zaka zonsezi, uwu unali kwambiri m'munsi ndi "olondola" mizere alumikizana, amene amaonetsetsa osachepera otaya kukana pa amapita. Mlongoti chilikupita chombo cha mtundu munatuluka wosanganiza chilikupita nsanja, amene ndi luso chifukwa ndi mkulu timu apite nja mu mphepo pafupi kauntala.

kusamutsidwa awo ngakhale ndi tsiku lalero anali wamakhalidwe - matani 2000! Choncho mtengo wa galleons ngakhale akhale wotsika chifukwa ntchito sukulu mtengo wa nkhuni. vuto anabweretsa pokhapokha mlongoti chilikupita sitima yomwe inkafuna okha paini zokoma.

mbali Design

Masts anali opangidwa kuchokera ku mitengo ya paini, pa mbali mphamvu ya nyumba analola thundu. Mosiyana Karakka, uta superstructure osati atapachikidwa patsogolo. Dulani chakudya mkulu ndi yopapatiza superstructure lomwe lili ndi ubwino mtendere wa ngalawa pa zipolowe za. galleons Conventionally osiyana wolemera yamazinga zokongoletsa ndi embodiments ena a nyumba ya.

Yaikulu chilikupita chombo cha mtundu uyu anali zisanu ndi ziwiri (!) Adzikometsa. Pomanga zimphona izi wakhala ambiri ankanena masamu ntchito (kumbukirani Great ofesi ya kazembe wa Peter Holland). Iwo anadya chakudya chawo pachabe: kuwerengetsera anathandiza kulenga sitima zazikulu kwambiri, koma cholimba, ndipo amatha kupirira mkuntho, ndipo anakwera, kenako mwansanga la zombo kudzera.

Makhalidwe kupalasa ngalawa

Chiwerengero cha masts pa galleons ndi ranged zitatu asanu, kutsogolo kunyamula matanga lalikulu, ndi kumbuyo - chammbali. Yaikulu Spanish galleons akanakhoza kukhala mizzen awiri basi, zomwe wabwino liwiro ntchito ngakhale ndi headwinds ndi kufunika kusuntha amate. Kodi akalipentala otsika-aluso akanatha kugwira nawo ntchito yomanga ngalawa izi, komanso amayenera kukhala mokhomerera amuna awo, ngati iwo ankakumana ndi makilomita mazana angapo a ngalawa.

Mwa njira, kutalika ochepa a galleons koyamba iwo mtundu wa "banja" gallery, zomwe tinakambirana za mu kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino. Ngati chombo ali mu malo mtheradi bata, iye anatha kupangitsa kukhala kupalasa. Kumene, mu mkuntho ntchito mwina sitiroko anali kudzipha.