Mapiri a dziko: Mount Merapi, Koryak, Sakurajima, Colima, phiri la Mauna Loa, Nyiragongo, Phiri Rainier, Santa Maria, Santorini, Taal

Za mtundu wina yoopsa kwambiri ya masoka achilengedwe kuti anthu sangathe kuletsa kapena kuletsa kapena kulamulira, zotupa moti chiphala. Ndi chifukwa kusintha nthawi zonse zikuchokera kutumphuka dziko lapansi, komanso chifukwa kayendedwe ka mbale wake. The mapiri owopsa mu map angapezeke m'madera ambiri osiyanasiyana a izo. Zikuphatikizapo monga Merapi, Santorini, Popocatepetl, phiri la Mauna Loa, Rainier, Nyiragongo, Colima, Sakurajima, Koryak, phiri papandayan, Taal, Ulawun, Santa Maria ndi ena ambiri. Zambiri za iwo ndi Tikambirana zina.

Merapi

Pa chilumba cha Java (Indonesia) ndi lolimbikitsa kuphulika Merapi, dzina latembenuzidwa kuchokera ku chinenero cha kuderalo kutanthauza "phiri la moto". kutalika kwake ndi mamita 2914. Ili pafupi ndi mzinda wakale wa Yogyakarta. Ntchito chamoto uyu wachokera ku wamoto Pacific Rim unayamba pafupifupi zaka zikwi zinayi zapitazo. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, pafupi kamodzi zaka seveni ndi kuphulika lalikulu zidzachitika, ndi kamodzi pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi - yaing'ono. Pa nthawi yomweyo pafupifupi nthawi amasuta. N'kosatheka kuona mfundo yakuti kale pafupifupi ziwiri mazana, ndicho Merapi walunjika mndandanda wa "mapiri ambiri oopsa a dziko."

The Chigwa ndi amatikumbutsa dzenje zikuluzikulu zimene anali anakumba chifukwa cha kwambiri mabomba amphamvu mphamvu. Amakhala ndi thanthwe lalikulu imene anaigwira mwakhama nthawi zambiri zaphindu ndi andesite. Malo otsetsereka pali nambala yaikulu ming'alu ing'onoing'ono, mabowo omwe bwino Tingaone mu zikomo mdima ku malawi wofiirira-ofiira mtundu.

Otsiriza kwambiri kuphulika kwa chiphalaphala imeneyi inayamba mu May 2006. Pafupifupi chaka kuchokera Chigwa wakhala kunja kwa kiyubiki mamita ambirimbiri chiphalaphala amene anapita uko kuti kumidzi. Chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi apha anthu oposa chikwi. Mmodzi wa kuposa tsoka lachilengedwe m'mbiri ya phiri kunayamba chaka cha 1906. Ndiye, chifukwa mphanga izi m'phiri unayamba kupita ku chigwa cha phirilo lapansi. Pambuyo pake, panali kuphulika mphamvu zochuluka, zomwe zinachititsa kuti imfa ya chitukuko lonse - boma Mataram, amene wafika mkulu mlingo wa chitukuko pa nthawi.

Santorini

Malinga ndi maphunziro miyala, phiri la Santorini ndi wachinyamata ndipo anaonekera pafupifupi 200,000 zapitazo. Kwa nthawi yaitali watsekedwa ndi chiphalaphala chimene pang'onopang'ono atasunga Chigwa cha. Pafupifupi 25 zikwi zapitazo, mkati mpweya kuthamanga kuposa mphamvu ya thanthwe ndi zofewa, zimene pamapeto, zinachititsa kuphulika zachiwawa. Pambuyo unadzaza caldera ndi chiphalaphala, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku chilumba lili ndi dzina chomwecho lero. Panopa, phiri la Santorini palibe ntchito zosiyanasiyana. kwambiri kuphulika wake wotsiriza kunayamba February 20, 1886. Pa tsiku limeneli panali kuphulika mokweza, limene, mogwirizana ndi okha, lofalitsidwa kenako, limodzi ndi umuna wa red-hot chiphalaphala m'nyanja, komanso nthunzi ndi phulusa limatuluka ndi kutalika mamita mazana angapo.

Popocatepetl

Popocatepetl phiri lodziwika bwino kwa aliyense wokhala likulu la Mexico, yomwe ili pa mtunda wa pafupi makumi asanu makilomita kutali. mfundo ndi yakuti mu Mexico zilipo pafupifupi miliyoni khumi ndi awiri, amene aliyense wa iwo amatha kuona phiri ku nyumba zosanja zitalizitali onse yaitali ndi m'mabwalo a nyumba yaing'ono, m'madera osauka a mzinda. The pomasulira dzina lake chinenero Aztec amatanthauza "kusuta phiri". Pa nthawi yomweyo pa m'mbuyomu zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, kuphulika lalikulu izo sizinachitike. Only zina ejected ku Chigwa cha pang'ono chiphalaphala makombo, phulusa ndi mpweya. Mu zaka mazana makumi awiri phiri Popocatepetl ndi bursts ka ntchito mu 1923 ndi 1993. Kuopsa chachikulu anthu, amene anali wolumikizana ndi iwo sanali kwambiri mu red-hot chiphalaphala, koma mudslides chinasesa zonse mu njira yake. Zinapangidwa ndi limatsogolera madzi oundana pa malo otsetsereka. Kwambiri kwa chimwemwe kwa anthu a Mexico City ndi midzi yozungulira mzindawo, chifukwa cha kuphulika lotsiriza la malo otsetsereka a kumpoto amene si bwanji, kotero palibe ovulala anthu.

phiri la Mauna Loa

Phiri la Mauna Loa ndi yogwira ndi ili m'malire a zilumba za ku Hawaii mu Pacific Ocean. Ake mamita kutalika 4170 dostikaet. Mbali yaikulu chamoto izi imatengedwa kuti ndi yaikulu kwambiri mu dziko ndi chiwerengero cha chuma kucheza polingalira mbali m'madzi a (buku zake ndi za makumi asanu ndi atatu zikwi makilomita kiyubiki). Kuphulika amphamvu kwambiri limodzi ndi umuna wa nambala yaikulu akasupe chiphalaphala. Iye anakoka osati ku Chigwa wokha, komanso laterally kudzera ming'alu ochepa. Kutalika kwa nthawi awa akasupe ukufika kilometre wina. Mu zochita za kutentha pali anapanga Anthufe tikuvutika zambiri zimene zigwirizana pamodzi ndi moto chovala pa njira yake pansi. Malinga ndi zikalata zofunikira, phiri phiri la Mauna Loa otsiriza chinayamba mu 1984. Kuyambira 1912 kuzipenya okhazikika akutsatiridwa. cholinga chawo chachikulu ndicho kuchenjeza anthu za zam'tsogolo mu mawonekedwe a zotupa chiphala. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, apa anakonzedwa Volcano lonse siteshoni. Kuwonjezera pa kenako mozama dzuwa mumlengalenga Observatory.

Rainier

Phiri Rainier ili makilomita 87 kuchokera mumzinda US wa Seattle. Ndi mbali ya kugwa Mountains, komwe kutalika mamita 4392 ndi pachimake apamwamba. Pamwamba ndi awiri chiphala Chigwa ndi awiri mamita oposa mazana atatu. The phiri otsetsereka okutidwa ndi chisanu kuchokera ayezi amene anachira, ndi m'dera la Chigwa cha. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi kutentha amene amachita pano. Si onse mapiri a dziko akhoza kudzitama ndi zaka olimba ngati lomwe lili Phiri Rainier. Malinga ndi maphunziro miyala, ndondomeko mapangidwe ake anayamba za 840 zikwi zapitazo.

Pali zifukwa kuganiza kuti chifukwa cha chisanu ndi ayezi ndi zinyalala chigumukire kale apa pali lalikulu zinyalala utuluke, kuchititsa mavuto aakulu kwa malo m'madera. Chifukwa cha maonekedwe awo anaonongeka, anthu osati nyama ndi zomera. Iwo mwagona ngozi waukulu lero. Popeza kuti madipoziti yapafupi ya utuluke awa ali kunyumba kwa midzi ambiri. Vuto lina lalikulu ndi kukhalapo ndalama zambiri ayezi mu gawo chapamwamba. Chifukwa ntchito yothandizira Madziwo izo pang'onopang'ono, koma ofooka. Malinga Akatswiriwa, asayansi, ngati pali mudflow lalikulu, akhoza kusuntha patali mokwanira kuswa ngakhale ndi madera ena a Seattle. Komanso, kumatha kuthekera kuti chodabwitsa ofanana zidzayambitsa zikamera wa tsunami on Lake Washington.

Nyiragongo

Mu kumpoto kwa boma la Republic of Congo African, pa dera la Virunga Mountains, ndi pachimake cha Nyiragongo. Zimatanthauza mndandanda wa "mapiri ambiri yogwira dziko," womwe ndi chitsimikizo bwino chakuti m'zaka 130 zapitazi, yololedwa mwalamulo 34 kuphulika mphamvu mlingo wosiyana. Tikumbukenso kuti ena a iwo kwa zaka. Last ntchito chiphala chinalembedwa mu 2008. Nyiragongo chiphalaphala ali zikuchokera amene isiyana ndi ena. Popeza kuti muli zambiri khwatsi, choncho kwambiri madzimadzi ndi madzi. Iyi ndi ngozi yaikulu, chifukwa mathamangidwe wa madziwo limodzi phiri otsetsereka angafikire mlingo wa 100 Km / h. N'zosadabwitsa kuti anthu a midzi yomwe ili pafupi ndi pafupifupi zosatheka kuchita mwamsanga zimatulutsa chiphalaphala.

Volcano Nyiragongo amagona pa msinkhu wa mamita 3470 pamwamba pa nyanja. Koma nyanja ndi red-hot chovala, zozama Chigwa izo masamba pa mtunda wa pafupifupi 400 meters. Malinga kuwerengetsera asayansi, lili pafupifupi mamiliyoni khumi kiyubiki mamita chiphalaphala. Malinga ndi chizindikiro ichi akuti ndi nyanja yaikulu pa dziko. mlingo chiphalaphala si mu malo amodzi, ndipo nthawi zonse kumasintha. Maw odzazidwa pamwamba kwa nthawi yotsiriza mu 2002. The chifukwa cha ngozi imeneyi inali chiwonongeko chotheratu mumzinda wa Goma, amene anali pafupi.

Colima

Volcano Colima ili m'chigawo Mexico wa Jalisco, ku dera la kumadzulo kwa dziko, pa mtunda wa pafupi makumi asanu ndi atatu makilomita ku gombe la Pacific Ocean. Mu boma ndiye yogwira kwambiri. Mbali chidwi n'chakuti Pamafunikanso chiphala zovuta wopangidwa mwa mapiri awiri conical mawonekedwe. Choyamba mwa zinthuzi ndi pafupifupi nthawi zonse pansi chisanu ndi ayezi ndi ndi zinatha kuphulika Nevado de A Colima. kutalika kwake ndi mamita 4625. Pachimake chachiwiri limatuluka kuti mamita 3846 ndipo adakali lotchedwa "Volcano la Moto."

Chigwa Colima ali ndi zotsalira yaing'ono, choncho chimamangirira mu chiphalaphala aang'ono. Pa nthawi yomweyo digiri yapamwamba ya ntchito yake kumabweretsa chakuti mkati amalenga nkhawa kwambili, kotero moto chovala otentha ndi mpweya ndi phulusa kunja patali mokwanira ndi ndondomeko lonse akufanana pano pyrotechnic bwanji. Otsiriza lalikulu kuphulika kwa phiri zinachitika zaka khumi zapitazo. Ejected ku Chigwa cha phulusa anaima pamenepo pa msinkhu wa makilomita pafupifupi zisanu ndi boma anaganiza pa achoke zosakhalitsa kuthetsa pafupi.

Sakurajima

Sakurajima chiphalaphala ili pafupi ndi mzinda Japanese wa Kagoshima, yofotokozedwapo kwa gulu loyamba chiopsezo. Mu mawu ena, kuyamba anakalipa pa mphindi iliyonse. Mu 1955 anayamba nthawi ya zochitika zonse za phiri. Pa nkhani imeneyi, amoyo Japanese pafupi ndi moyo mpaka kalekale wokonzeka kuti achoke yomweyo. Kuonetsetsa kuti izi zikhoza kuchitidwa mwamsanga ndi zosachepera kanthawi chochuluka, pa Sakurajima anaika webukamu, amene mosalekeza kuunikira udindo wa Chigwa cha. Palibe Japanese masiku ano sanadabwe khalidwe zonse Zochita mmene Zitatero mu chochitika cha masoka achilengedwe, komanso kuchuluka kwa m'misasa. N'zosadabwitsa Sakurajima, ndipo tsopano imodzi ya atsogoleri a mndandanda wa "mapiri owopsa a dziko."

Imodzi mwa kuphulika yaikulu ya phiri m'mbiri yake chinachitika mu 1924. Amphamvu chivomezi ndiye anachenjeza m'deralo wa ngozi, motero anakwanitsa kuchoka ku mtunda otetezeka. Zinali pambuyo tsoka, chifukwa buku yaikulu kwambiri chiphalaphala anathira kunja, otchedwa Sakura chilumba inasanduka chilumba a. Popeza kuti anapanga mlatho dziko kuti chikugwirizana ku Kyushu, limene lili mumzinda wa Kagoshima. Wina chaka chathunthu red-hot chovala pang'onopang'ono anatsanulira ku Chigwa, amene kwachititsa kuwonjezeka kwambiri mlingo pansi. Asayansi amati ndi caldera inali anapanga mchikakamizo cha njira zofanana zimene zinachitika zaka zoposa zikwi makumi awiri zapitazo.

Koryak kuphulika

Chinthu chimodzi chimene chimakopa kwambiri anthu si Kamchatka Peninsula, koma mu Russia, amaona kuti kukhala kuphulika Koryak. Iye ndi yayikulu (3456 meters) mu gulu, komanso mmodzi wa okongola kwambiri. Phiri ali ndi mawonekedwe a chulucho tingachipeze powerenga lamanja, kotero izo zikhoza bwinobwino otchedwa lililonse woimira stratovolcanoes. Modern, kawirikawiri kugwira ntchito pa Chigwa lagona kumadzulo. Iye ali akuya umene uli wofanana ndi mamita 24 okha. Ancient kuipanikiza, wodzazidwa tsopano ndi glacier ndi ili kumpoto.

Mbali yaikulu ya Koryak phiri poona zochita zake ndi otsika. Mu mbiri yakale, pali kukumbukira yekha wa kuphulika ake awiri. Iwo sangathe adzatchedwa amphamvu, ndi iwo zachitika 1895 ndi 1956. Mbali yoyamba, Chiphalachi unaturuka mwakachetechete ku Chigwa, ndi ndondomeko izi ngakhale limodzi ndi mabomba, choncho am'deralo ambiri sumachizindikira chimene chinachitika. Zilankhulo za mitsinje pa malo otsetsereka, amene zii ngakhale kufika phazi, anapulumuka.

More limaonetseratu anali kuphulika chachiwiri. Pa nthawi ya kudzutsidwa wake zinachitika, limodzi ndi mndandanda zivomezi zina. Pa phiri la osokoneza kukula kwa 500 × 15 mamita m'litali ndi m'lifupi, motero. Kuyambira Munalinso kumasulidwa mpweya, phulusa ndi mankhwala ena a magwero chiphala. Patapita nthawi, kusiyana linadzaza ndi slag ndi zinyalala yaing'ono. Pankhaniyi, pali linamveka khalidwe zikumveka imodzi anafanana akufwenthera_Mkonzi, waukulu, hooting ndi kuimba mluzu. Mbali chidwi kuphulika uyu anali anasiya chiphalaphala. Lero, pa phiri Tingaone ndi apoyera nthunzi ndipo mpweya, lomwe limapezeka pafupifupi nthawi zonse.

phiri papandayan

Panopa pa Indonesia chilumba cha Java, pali pafupifupi 120 mapiri. Pafupifupi mu anai a iwo ndi chomveka, choncho amanyamula chiopsezo cha anthu. Poyamba, anali kale mmodzi wa owayimilira - Merapi. Komanso tisaiwale komanso phiri papandayan chiphalaphala umene uli wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa alendo. Zimenezi zalongosoledwa ndi kukhalapo pafupi ndi ambiri magwero ndi matope geysers ndi phiri mtsinje pamodzi otsetsereka a. Popeza kuti ali ndi machiritso zotsatira pa thupi la munthu. kutentha kwake ndi pafupifupi 42 madigiri.

Phiri ndi mmodzi wa owopsa ndi lalikulu pa dziko. Chigwa ake lili pamwamba pa nyanja pamalo okwera mamita 1800. Near awatulutsira mitundu pachimake mpweya sulfure ali osokonezeka ndi phiri ozizira nkhungu. Tikumbukenso kuti mwachindunji Chigwa lenilenilo unachitikira msewu. Koma Papandayana kuphulika, wotsirizayo apa panali zaka zoposa khumi zapitazo.

Taal

Wa mapiri onse yogwira padziko lathuli ndi Taal laling'ono, limene lili pafupi makumi asanu makilomita kutali Manila - likulu Philippines. Pa nyanja eponymous ndipamene mtundu wa chisumbucho, malo pafupifupi 23 makilomita lalikulu. N'zosadabwitsa kuti anali yoyamba maonekedwe a ntchito chiphala. Pamalo okwera mamita 350 pamwamba pa nyanja, ili ndi Chigwa, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu nyanja ndi awiri a makilomita awiri. 33 kuphulika kwa Taal mphamvu osiyana msinkhu chinalembedwa pa m'mbuyomu zaka mazana asanu. Ochuluka kwambiri a iwo mu zaka mazana makumi awiri chinachitika mu 1911. Chinapangitsa kuti imfa ya anthu oposa chikwi. Pa nthawi yomweyo mtambo wa phulusa ejected polemba kukula kwake inali kuonekera pa mtunda wa makilomita 400 kuchokera ku phiri. Kuphulika otsiriza kunayamba 1965. Iwo anapha anthu oposa mazana awiri.

Ngakhale chiopsezo malo awa, pa gombe la nyanja pali mizinda isanu ndi midzi zing'onozing'ono zambiri. Tikumbukenso komanso pamaso pa zomera awiri mphamvu kuti zili pafupi ndi ntchito. Mamembala a m'deralo anayambitsa seismological nthawi zonse chifukwa anaphunzira kusintha kwa amayi okhala phiri kuteteza kuphulika izi. Ngakhale zonse, Taal Volcano ndi chimodzi cha malo otchuka kwambiri alendo mu Philippines. Malinga ndi ndemanga mwa kuchezera alendo wake, pamwamba limatithandiza lapadera ozungulira m'midzi, nyanja ndi zilumba. Mukhoza pano pa bwato kuchokera kumudzi uliwonse pa gombe la nyanja.

Ulawun

Ponena za mapiri owopsa padziko lathuli, sitingathe kuyiwala za Ulawun wopangidwa makamaka a basalt ndi andesite. Malowa ali pamtunda m'gawo la Papua New Guinea ndi limodzi mwa malamulo amene zimatha kuyambitsa zambiri. kutalika kwake ndi mamita 2334. The otsetsereka a phiri pamalo okwera mamita chikwi yokutidwa osiyanasiyana zomera. zaka zambiri zapitazo izo zinali pansi pa madzi. Chifukwa cha kuphulika komwe kunachitika pansi padziko, pafupifupi nthawi zonse anali tsunami amphamvu. Mothandizidwa kutumphuka fractures pa dziko lonse lapansi mu 1878. Volcano Ulawun ananyamuka ndipo kunayamba kuonekera pamwamba pa madzi.

Mu 1700, icho poyamba mwalamulo olembedwa kuphulika ake. Ndiye, pafupi Papua New Guinea anapita ngalawa gulu la amene anali Uilyam Dampir - amadziwika wapaulendo ku UK. Iye anafotokoza mu Maulendo Ake ndondomeko izi wosaiwalika. Wina kuphulika odziwika Ulawun chinachitika mu 1915. Iwo anali amphamvu kuti dvenadtsatisantimetrovym wosanjikiza phulusa yokutidwa mudzi, yomwe ili pafupi makumi asanu makilomita ku malo omwe. N'kosatheka kuona ngozi zimene zinachitika May 28, 1937, pamene nkhungu wosanjikiza la phulusa anakakhala makilomita 120 kuchokera Chigwa cha. Ambiri, zaka mazana awiri zapitazo zinachitika 22 kuphulika kwa phiri.

Santa Maria

Mu Guatemala, ndi wamkulu pa stratovolcanoes analipo Earth. Iwo ali kutalika mamita 3772 ndi dongosolo m'malo ovuta. The awiri a phirilo yake yaikulu ili makilomita khumi. Mu otsetsereka kum'mwera kumadzulo mukhoza kuona zigwa ambiri popangidwa ndi kuphulika kalelo. Pankhani kumalo otsetsereka a kumpoto, ndi zimaphala yaikulu ndi maenje sali kutali ndi phazi la izo. Tikakhulupirira kafukufuku ofufuza, zikwi makumi atatu zapitazo kuphulika koyamba zinachitika.

Am'deralo Mudawatcha ndi Santa Maria kuphulika monga "Gagksanul". Tikumbukenso kuti, mpaka 24 October 1992 anali wolemekezeka ndi ntchito ndipo anali kugona kwa zaka mazana asanu. Komabe, kuphulika choyamba pambuyo uyu anali mavuto adzaoneni. Kuphulika anali amphamvu kuti anamveka ngakhale anthu a Costa Rica, umene uli makilomita mazana asanu ndi atatu kuchokera pano. Komanso, phulusa anakonzeka makilomita 28 mkulu. Kuphulika anapha anthu oposa zikwi zisanu. Komanso, anawonongedwa ndi nambala yaikulu nyumba. malo awo okwana, malinga ndi mawu olankhulidwa ndi atolankhani padziko lonse, wapanga oposa 180 zikwi makilomita lalikulu. Tikumbukenso kuti pa nthawi yomweyo ndipo panali odziwika chiphalaphala mzikiti, wotchedwa Santiago.

Kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri, okwana lalikulu atatu atathana kuphulika ake. Ndipo lero ndi chimodzi mwa kuchititsa ngozi pa dziko, chifukwa mkokomo wamphamvu ku Chigwa cha limodzi ndi kutulutsidwa matani phulusa ndi chiphala mwala angayambe pa mphindi iliyonse.