Kulosera andale

kusanthula Political ndi kulosera (moyang'ana m'tsogolo) ndi phunziro la sayansi, kugwiritsidwa njira ndi zochitika mu ndale. Mwa kuphunzira akutha malingaliro achindunji chitukuko cha zochitika m'dera limeneli. Kuti adziwe molondola kwambiri za mwayi wa bwino ndipo ayenera njira khalidwe ntchito kulosera ndale zikhazikitsidwe mbali mawunikidwe a njira ya.

The vuto lalikulu akuti ndi luso mwachidwi Inde zochitika kuganiza ndi Mwina mkulu. Tikumbukenso kuti zinthu zonse zingaoneke zikusiyana pakati pa zotsatira za zolinga koyamba. Komabe, malinga ndi akatswiri, ndi chodabwitsa ndale (mismatch) akuyerekezedwa ndi masoka. Ndi m'dera lino, kawirikawiri ndi lakutali kwambiri zikusiyana pakati pa zolinga zomwe zinakonzedwa ndi zotsatira za kukhazikitsa awo.

Policy amakhala ndi pakutchulidwa angapo a njira ya wosakhazikika Kusakhazikika. Ngakhale yaing'ono kapena mwachisawawa zochitika (imfa ya ndale, kuchucha zambiri, etc.) kungakhale kwambiri mavuto a zandale. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe nthawi zambiri Akuti ndipo anakonza sichikwiya maziko zolosera chikhulupiriro, koma m'malo mwake, nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa njira mosayembekezereka. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ulosi sayansi zikuphatikizapo Determinism (chiletso) monga zotsatira mosalephera zitsanzo zomveka za chitukuko. Political kulosera, nayenso udampititsa Iye (Determinism) kuti chuma, apo kutuluka.

Features moyang'ana m'tsogolo (ndale) zimathandiza kupititsa patsogolo anapitiriza wa methodological m'munsi mwa kafukufuku. The ofufuza ayamba kuganizira zosiyanasiyana njira atsopano, losonkhanitsidwa ndi munthu zinachitikira khalidwe, yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale. Chichitike ndi analogies mbiri ndiponso ziyembekezo yochepa. Choncho, kulosera njira ndale amakhala zimakhudza kwambiri zoona zake. Amene amadza pa mfundo zandale ikuchitika kupanga kusintha analakalaka izo. Pali zingapo zimene mungachite moyang'ana m'tsogolo.

Njira yaikulu ya kulosera andale

Njira ambiri amaona kuti kukhala extrapolation kulosera. Kulosera Political mu nkhani iyi ndi kupitiriza mu tsogolo la munthu kapena njira zina pa mlingo maganizo. Ntchito njirayi, moyang'ana m'tsogolo zochokera ku nkhope ya ambiri a zochitika za njira yodutsamo za kayendedwe ndi nthawi chikhatho chimodzi. Choncho, kumanga ndi unyolo wa zochitika atsopano ndiponso akale. njira Zimenezi zimatithandiza kuphunzira osati zochitika okha, monga njira angathe chitukuko.

Nthawi zambiri ndi kulosera ndale ntchito njira zofanana. Pankhaniyi, akatswiri zochokera kufanana kwa zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti chitukuko cha zochitika zapadera m'mbuyomu. Choncho, yankho Mwina zisadzachitikenso za ndondomeko pansi chofanana. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zovuta osakwanira nkhani zotengera malingaliridwe zinthu - amasintha mabungwe a ndale qualitatively. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zinthu angabuke pamene chofanana anapezeka ndi zochitika ananena sanabwere.

Ntchito mu ndale Poyembekezera njira sewero ndi kufotokoza zochitika mu dziko la m'tsogolo wonse kapena mu chigawo chomwe mufuna. The ofufuza za kuganizira zinthu nkhani zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo maganizo awo ofufuza aphunzira zochitika.

Palinso ndale kulosera Katswiri kuwunika njira. Pankhaniyi, maziko malingaliro kulandira zotsatira za gulu la akatswiri amene luso ndi nzeru m'munda wa moyang'ana m'tsogolo losadziwika.

zothandiza kwambiri akuneneratu mfundo njira kayeseleledwe. Pankhaniyi, chidziwitso cha ndondomeko tsogolo la kupanga amalenga makonzedwe unsembe anafuna chinthu. Wake (chinthu image) akhoza akuyendera mu Zithunzi chilinganizo khadi chiwembu ndi ena. Choncho anachita yesezera ananeneratu zochitika.