Kukonzanso - izo ... Gorbachev a perestroika. M'zaka perestroika

Ngati wamba pafupifupi munthu amene anapulumuka theka lachiwiri la Mipingo mu zaka chifukwa, lero kufunsa kufotokoza mwachidule nthawi ino, yankho nthawi zambiri, mungathe kumva chinachake chonga "perestroika - ndi zoopsa ndi manyazi." Mwachibadwa, mnyamata amene anabadwa (kapena ayi komabe) Masiku amenewo, nkhani mwatsatanetsatane.

History ndi Gorbachevskaya

Gorbachev a perestroika (kutanthauza, iye anayambitsa akuti, ngakhale mwina anatulukira izo yekha), unayambitsidwa mu kumayambiriro a chaka cha 1987. Kodi chinachitika kale, pambuyo chisankho wake ku malo Mlembi General, wotchedwa mathamangitsidwe. Ndipo izo zisanachitike analamulira stagnation mu dziko. Ndipo linali ndi voluntarism. Ndipo pamaso pake - mwambo wa umunthu. Kuno Stalinism anali malo akuimira mu maziko a zaka zonse wotsatira nkhanza yowala. NEP izi.

Umo ndi momwe mapeto a Mipingo kulingalira mbiri ya USSR anthu Soviet kwakukulukulu. Tachita masomphenya a nkhani zambiri m'magazini a atolankhani otchuka ( "Kuthetheka", "Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Mikangano ndi zoonadi 'ndi ena ambiri). Pa maalumali anali kale analetsa ntchito zolembalemba, chifukwa cholowa umene zaka zingapo zapitazo zinali zotheka kuti apeze mavuto ambiri, ndipo chinawononga m'kuphethira kwa diso. Dziko lathu anali wotchuka kwambiri mu dziko isanayambe kapena itatha 1987 kutchuka mabuku ndi manyuzipepala ndi chiyani kumenya zolembedwa zonse dziko la kale (kalanga, n'zotheka kuti m'tsogolo).

zizindikiro za kale

Kumene akatswiri onsewa zokhudza mbiri ya dziko lakwawo ndi yaikulu revelatory mphamvu yake analibe kugwedeza chikhulupiriro cholimba cha anthu Soviet mu chilungamo wapamwamba wa anthu zokomera ndipo cholinga chake chapamwamba - chikominisi. M. S. Gorbachev ndi gulu lake mu Politburo kudziwa mfundo Kalanga - chifukwa Mwachangu otsika - ulimi ndi makampani chofunika kukonzanso yokulirapo. chuma skidded, mabizinezi ambiri sanali ndakuwonetserani, koma mtengo, kuchulukitsa chiwerengero cha "gulu mafamu miliyoneya" (malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ngongole boma), zinthu zofunika banja akhala kuchepekedwa vuto chakudya ndi sanasangalale. Young mlembi wamkulu anadziŵa kuti yonena ena ali, chifukwa zaka zochuluka zonse sizinachitike monga chiyenera kukhalira, kotero muyenera ena nthawi. Mwamwayi kenako, anachedwa zaka zingapo perestroika. Ndiye ukuonetsa kuti palibe munthu akanakhoza.

Mofulumira ndi cooperatives

Palokha, njira ya kukonzanso, ndithudi, zofunika. Banja loyambirira la zaka ankaganiza kuti malangizo anatengedwa ndi zolondola, ndi "palibe njira, comrades" ungosunthira pa inu muyenera mofulumira. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti dzina la gawo loyamba, amene kukonzanso anayamba. Mbiri ya NEP zikusonyeza kuti ngati madera ena a kasamalidwe n'kuwaika manja payekha, kusintha pafupifupi kungakupatseni. Mu makumi a dziko mwamsanga anapambana owonongedwa ndi njala, thandizo kwa ena amene anatenga eni yogwira ndi akhama. Kuyesa kubwereza zikayenda zaka izi makumi asanu zinachititsa kuti zotsatira ndithu zofanana. Cooperators akhala "mwala woyesera" kulenga latsopano kalasi ya capitalists Soviet. Iwo anaika ena zigawo za msika zoweta, ndi bwino kwambiri ndi kuona kunja, koma kuswa deadlock chuma lonse alephera. Choncho, mfundo kuti kukonzanso - kubwereza kwa Policy Chatsopano Economic sakutero umboni. kukula GDP sichinachitikepo. M'malo mwake.

ogwira

Mu 1986, mathamangitsidwe (zimene nthabwala kuti ntchito kokha "mulimonse" ndipo tsopano "pow-mulimonse-awuwuze") ali pafupifupi munthu wina adakumbukira. Pakufunika miyeso latsopano la chikhalidwe structural, ndipo akuona kuti utsogoleri dziko anayamba ngakhale kale. Pali nkhope yatsopano m'malo anapuma mastodons chipani, komanso ku cadres akale, amene anali ndi mbiri yakuti "luntha zotsogola", Gorbachev anakana. Eduard Shevardnadze anali mpando wa Supreme Soviet, Nikolai Ryzhkov anatenga mpando predsovmina, Moscow mzinda komiti ya chipani kutsogoleredwa ndi ndiye pang'ono odziwika koma mofulumira kupeza kutchuka, Boris Yeltsin. Lukyanov ndi Alexander Yakovlev analowa Politburo, anasankha ntchito dizzying. Zinaoneka kuti ndi bwino gulu kungakupatseni ...

Kodi chinaoneka kunja

Choncho, vuto lalikulu ankaoneka kuti chiwululidwe. Masitepe patsogolo muyenera kutsimikiza mtima ndi bolder. Sam M. S. Gorbachev, momveka nthawi zonse, anafotokoza tikulephera momuzungulira, "anthu wamba," kuti kukonzanso - ndi pamene aliyense atero ntchito zawo. Anthu amafunsa funsoli zonse pamaso 1985? Koma odziwa nzika Soviet sanapemphe iye.

Monga masiku isanafike mafakitale, Soviet Union ankaona kuti alibe chitukuko cha luso lopanga. Plenum mu 1985 ndi cholinga kukula kwa mafakitale ndi 70%. Ndi nineties ndi, yojambula ndi zinakonzedwa pamlingo wadziko lonse, kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe. Ndodo ndi chuma chifukwa anali. N'chifukwa chiyani zimenezi zisachitike?

XXVII Congress ndi zochita

Mu 1986 iye anali XXVII Congress wa CPSU, ntchito imene - Ndipotu, osati kwa manyuzipepala ndi mabodza clichés - anaonera dziko lonse. Nthumwi anathandiza kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo chosintha, ufulu wa collectives ntchito, zomwe tsopano atha kusankha atsogoleri, zonse malipiro ndi kusankha chimene mankhwala kubala, kuti phindu lalikulu. Awa anali kukonza wa perestroika, amene posachedwapa ogwira ndipo sanathe ndimalota. Pamaziko a kusintha kwa moyo anakonza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu boma kuonjezera zokolola munda ndi 150%. Iwo akulengeza kuti pofika chaka cha 2000 mu nyumba munthu adzakhala mabanja onse Soviet. Anthuwo anasangalala, koma ... asanakalambe. dongosolo akadali osati ntchito.

sosholisimu zachuma

Panapita zaka ziwiri pambuyo perestroika anayamba. Gorbachev zikuoneka anayamba amazunza kukayikira kulondola kwa malangizo omwe dziko ikuyenda. Patapita zaka zambiri, mu 1999, kulankhula Turkey, pa msonkhano womwe ndi University American, iye yekha ndi olimbikira odana ndi zomwe moyo wake wonse anamenyera chipambane demokalase. Mu Tinganene kuti iye angakhale ndi ufulu, koma lero n'zovuta kuona zinthu moyenera zake mu 1987. Ndiye iye anayankhula za chinthu china kwathunthu mlandu oimira zachinsinsi za "dongosolo lamulo" ndipo palibe njira zochepa mwachinsinsi kuti ziletsa onse. Komabe, wachiwiri (ndi Qiyama) nthawi ya kusintha kwa sosholisimu chachotsedwa ndi korona wa ungwiro anapeza (ndithu mwadzidzidzi) zolakwika zokhudza zonse. Iwo likukhalira kuti zonse zinali bwino anaima (Lenin), koma mmasate a kwambiri pamfundo. Panali mfundo zokomera onse zachuma - zotsutsana ndi utsogoleli opusa phwando. Ongolankhula kulungamitsidwa amapereka nkhani ya aphunzitsi ndi academicians L. Abalkina, G. Popov, N. Shmelev ndi P. Bunich. Pa pepala, zonse bwino, ndipo Ndipotu analalikira wamba zokomera kudziletsa ndalama.

Chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi Conference Party

Mu 1988 anapatsidwa mzere womalizira wa chitetezo wa chipani nomenklatura mphamvuzonse. anthu wamba ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya Party Communist mu chikhalidwe ndi ntchito njira mphamvu kudziyimira pawokha mabungwe kupanga zisankho analengeza cholinga kwa amene kuyesetsa. Panali kukambirana, ndi onse njira chosintha kunapezeka kuti mavuto awa anathana kachiwiri zofunika motsogozedwa wa chipanichi. chifukwa basi ena galimoto mphamvu sanali. Pa nthumwi anaganiza kuchita, ndi mtima wanga wonse kuthandiza Gorbachev. Zinaoneka kuti kukonzanso zaka zam'mbuyo anakhala chilibe ntchito, koma si. zotsatira zake zinali nkhawa iwo anali Akhristu a Board, umene ndi gawo limodzi la akuluakulu woimira mabungwe onse.

mavutowo ali chuma, vuto lauzimu

Pambuyo msonkhano, panali chinachake chimene chinkawoneka ngati kugawanika kwa RSDLP lapansi. Mu masewerowa, anayamba democrat yake ndipo ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira woimira wosadzayanjanika maganizo malangizo. Nthawiyi, anazolowera bata ndi mutendele mu dziko nkhawa. Ndaleredwa mu malingaliro chikominisi a anthu achikulire ali tcheru kugwa maganizo awo a anthu chabe. Anthu okhwima amene anazolowera ukutitsimikizira chikhalidwe ndi kulemekeza zipambano zawo ntchito, m'mavuto azachuma, kulimbikitsa ndi ndalama cooperators kuonekera chapamwamba - kawirikawiri anthu osaphunzira ndi mwano. Achinyamata mu nthawi ya perestroika ndipo ine ndinamverera mavuto wauzimu, powona kuti maphunziro analandira ndi makolo, sizitanthauza moyo wabwino. Madziko anayamba kugwa.

Winawake wotaya ndi wina wapeza

Kuwonongedwa kwa ofala, kaya ndi pafupi ndi mfundo chilengedwe, nthawi zonse limodzi ndi zikuluzikulu galimoto-zochitika zimavuta kwambiri analekerera ambiri a anthu. Anayamba kumenya antchito mafakitale ndi Anthuwa. Mavuto akusowa zakudya komanso ogula liti unpredictably mbisoweka ku maalumali wa tiyi, ndudu ndi fodya, shuga, ndi sopo ... Pankhaniyi, eni ena nsanamira kukhale kovuta kupeza chuma ndi kukonzanso lalikulu mu USSR. Mwachidule akhoza yodziwika monga nthawi kudzikundikira koyamba. State chambiri malonda wachilendo poona kusintha demokalase anthu amene anali kudziwa misika ya kunja ndipo ndi yogwirizana bwino, nthawi yomweyo ntchito Zoyenereza awo. Mwayi kwambiri kupereka ngongole. banknotes Soviet mwamsanga wotaya makhalidwe ake opindulitsa kubweza zinali zosavuta, kupatula ndalama pafupifupi ndi china chilichonse. Amatamanda, kuti si zonse. Osati kanthu. Koma zinthu pang'ono ...

Pa funso dziko

Osati kokha impoverishment, komanso amalembedwa ndi zochitika wamagazi nthawi kusintha. Soviet lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi pa matabwa kuchokera mikangano kwambiri mtundu m'chigawo Baltic, ndi Ferghana Valley, Sumgait, Baku, Karabakh, Osh, Chisinau, Tbilisi ndi malo ena ake apadera mpaka posachedwapa mwamtendere Union. Misa kulenga "amadzibisa otchuka" wotchedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, koma wina amene anali ndi mizu dziko. Ziwonetsero, misonkhano ndi zina zosonyeza kusamvera yapachiweniweni chinapululutsa dziko, zimene boma anali ouma, koma pambuyo pawo, ndipo anaganiza kufooka kwa ulamuliro wa utsogoleri ndi kulephera ake yaitali pothawa ziwawa. The kukonzanso wa 1985-1991 anayambitsa kugwa kwa Union mu mabungwe osiyana mitundu boma, zedi kwa wina ndi mzake.

masiku mazana asanu ... kapena mukufuna kwambiri?

Pofika mu 1990, m'chizimezime zachuma chogwidwa mfundo ziwiri zofunikira pofuna kukwaniritsa. Choyamba, mmodzi amene wolemba anali Yavlinsky, ankaganiza pafupifupi yomweyo (mu masiku mazana asanu) wamba ndi kusintha kwa bizinesi, kumene monga izo zinkawoneka pafupifupi aliyense, kumene mwapang'onopang'ono otha sosholisimu. Yachiwiri amapereka zochepa radicalized Ryzhkov ndi Pavlov, ndi kupereka kwa ulendo yosalala kumsika ndi phased kumasuka zopinga boma boma. Choncho, pang'onopang'ono kulera mitengo, ndipo anakhala mtsogoleri dziko kuchita. Komabe, kunapezeka kuti gululi pang'onopang'ono ali ndi mavuto aakulu.

Zokhumba - mosayembekezereka ndipo anatipatsira

Komanso mu 1990, nzika Soviet mwadzidzidzi pulezidenti. Izi m'mbiri ya boma - ndi Tsarist ndi Soviet - sizinachitikebe. Mu June, Russia ananena ufulu wodzilamulira, ndipo tsopano Gorbachev zingachititse kuti USSR kulikonse, koma osati mu Moscow, kumene anakhala katswiri wa Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin, tcheyamani wa Mphamvu ndi zida. Gorbachev, ndithudi, boma la Russia osasunthika, koma panali nkhondo, ndipo zinatha mpaka mapeto a USSR.

The referendum, umene unachitikira mu March 1991, anasonyeza zinthu ziwiri zofunika. Choyamba, zinadziwika kuti ambiri mwa nzika Soviet (pa 76%) ndikufuna moyo ku dziko lalikulu. Kachiwiri, iwo kuwakakamiza kusintha maganizo ake, koma kunapezeka pang'ono.

Pambuyo anagwira unachitikira kugwa kwa boma wogwirizana (kutanthauza Soviet Union popanda Russia?), New nzika za malamulo adziko lonse lapansi anayamba kukonza mgwirizano, amene anasonkhana Komiti mu Novo-Ogaryovo. Mu June, Yeltsin anapambana chisankho, kukhala woyamba Russian pulezidenti. Iye amayenera kulemba pangano la mgwirizano 20 August. Koma kenako m'chiwembucho, chabe tsiku kale. Ndiyeno panali masiku atatu chodzaza tsaya, kumasulidwa tomivshegosya mu Foros Gorbachev ndi zinthu zina zambiri, zosiyanasiyana ndipo si nthawi zonse zosangalatsa.

Choncho inatha kukonzanso lapansi. Zinali mosalephera.