Mzinda wakale Russia wakale: mayina, maphunziro ndi chitukuko

Kawirikawiri mbiri ya kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, limene anthu Asilavo, kuyambira kufufuza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Kievan Lazaro. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso cha boma ili ndi dziko loyamba ku mayiko amenewa, amene adadziwika mu dziko naye ankatengedwa ndi kulemekezedwa olamulira. Akutiakuti, pali mizinda yakale ku Russia wakale, ndi ndondomeko izi anasiya okha ndi nkhondo ya asilikaliwa. Ndi nkhondo ya magulu zipita anaiwalika ndi boma lokha, unagawanika mwa ana ambiri a akalonga. Koma tikambirana heyday wake, adzakuuzani zimene anali mzinda wakale wa Russia.

A pang'ono za dziko

Mawu akuti "Ancient Russia" nthawi amatchedwa boma ogwirizana padziko Kiev, omwe analipo kuchokera chinayi pakati pa zaka khumi ndi chitatu. Ndipotu, anali mgwirizano wa maukulu, ndi anthu ambiri a Asilavo kum'mawa, subordinated ku Grand Duke. Mgwirizano unachitikira m'magawo akuluakulu, anali asilikali lake (kumuwombera pa), anakhazikitsa lamulo.

Pamene mzinda wa Lazaro wakale Christianity, anayamba kumanga yogwira akachisi mwala. Chipembedzo zatsopano Chilimbikitsidwabe mphamvu ya mkulu wa Kiev ndi ntchito asapita mfundo yachilendo ndi maiko a ku Ulaya, chitukuko ubale chikhalidwe Byzantium ndi maiko ena kwambiri kuyambira.

Gardarika

Zikamera Mizinda Russia wakale anali wa khalidwe chimphepo. Osati chabe m'mbiri ya Western Gardarika iwo ukutchedwa, ndiyo midzi dziko. Ku magwero olembedwa chibwenzi kuchokera IX-X zaka zambirimbiri, dzinali amadziwika kuti midzi 24 lalikulu, koma tikhoza kuganiza kuti panali zambiri. Mayina a midzi awa anali ambiri Asilavo. Mwachitsanzo, Novgorod, Vyshgorod, Beloozero, Przemysl. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma akhumi udindo wa mizinda Russia wakale analidi kwambiri: kunali kale 238, iwo anali bwino mipanda yolimba kwambiri, anali malo a ndale, malonda, maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe.

Kapangidwe ndi makhalidwe a midzi mu masiku akale

City mu Russia wakale - malo amenewa, amene osankhidwa malo. gawo ayenera kukhala omasuka mwa mawu a chitetezo. Pa phiri, monga ulamuliro, mu dipatimenti ya mtsinje, inamangidwa gawo yamalinga ya (Kremlin). Kuganizira nyumba inali pafupi ndi mtsinje, kapena kumadera a kuchigwa, anati, pa Betelehemu wa. Choncho, mzinda woyamba wa Russia wakale inkakhala chapakati gawo - pa citadel, komanso zimakhala zotetezeka, ndi yabwino kwambiri, koma zochepa otetezeka malonda ndi luso zidutswa. A pang'ono mu midzi zimachitika mabusa kapena m'tsinde.

mzinda wakale Russia wakale anamanga si a mwala, monga ambiri a m'midzi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya pa nthawiyo, ndipo ndi mtengo. Choncho anabwera akuti "kudula" mzinda osati kumanga. Kulimbikitsa chotchinga anapanga mphete cabins matabwa chipika wodzazidwa ndi dziko lapansi. Pezani mkati zinali Zimatheka pa chipata.

Tikumbukenso kuti Lazaro unali mzinda osati m'dera, koma mpanda, mpanda, mpanda wolimba. Kuwonjezera citadel, amene nyumba nyumba zikuluzikulu (Cathedral Square, chuma, laibulale), ndipo okonza ndi Chotsimikizika kotala anali kwenikweni kusinthanitsa m'dera ndi sukulu.

Mayi wa mizinda ya ku Russia

Izo mu epithet uyu anali kupereka azambiriyakale lalikulu matalala boma. Likulu la Russia wakale anali mzinda wa Kiev - wokongola ndi yabwino kwambiri mawu a malo m'mayiko ambiri. Anthu M'dera ichi kale 15-20 zikwi. Zaka zapitazo. The lodziwika bwino Prince Kyi, woyambitsa wa m'mudzi, mwina anakhalako chikhalidwe Chernyakhov. "Veles Book" limanena kuti iye anali nzika ya South Baltic nakhala ziri pakati pa zaka zana lachiwiri. Koma maziko a linga kunayamba gwero la nthawi Msukuti kuti overlaps ndi uthenga Herodotus cobble pamodzi. Mwina Polyansky Prince sankaona mzinda, ndipo kokha kulimbitsidwa ndi anatchula. Academician Rybakov ananena kuti Kiev anakhazikitsidwa Patapita zaka za m'ma 5-6, pamene Asilavo mwachangu asezare m'dera pa Dnieper ndi Danube, patsogolo pa Balkan Peninsula.

Zikamera Mizinda Russia wakale pambuyo Kiev anali zachilengedwe, kuyambira pa makoma zokhalamo anthu otetezeka. Koma pa chiyambi cha boma minda likulu kulowa Khazar Khanate. Komanso, McDermott anakumana ndi mfumu Byzantine, mwina ndi Anastasia. About amene akulamulira matalala atamwalira tate wake sakudziwika. History anatchula yekha mayina a mafumu awiri otsiriza asanabwere wa Scandinavia. Aulosi Oleg popanda kukhetsa magazi anagwira Kiev, anapanga likulu lake, anakankhira wongosamukasamuka, anagwetsa Khazar Khanate ndipo anapita nagonjetsa ndi Constantinople.

Golden nthawi ya Kiev

Movies Oleg ndi m'malo mwake, Igor ndi Svyatoslav wolimba Sichinatsitsidwe chinathandiza chitukuko cha mzinda. malire ake sali kukodzedwa kuyambira Kia, koma iwo wapirira yachifumu, zinamangidwa achikunja ndi Akhristu a mipingo. Makonzedwe kuthetsa adatsegula Prince Vladimir, ndipo pambuyo ubatizo wa Yairo kukula mwala kachisi n'chodabwitsa milungu yakale ataphwasula pansi. Pansi Yaroslav anamanga gawo St. Sophia Cathedral ndi Golden Chipata, ndipo Kiev ndi anthu ake chawonjezeka kangapo. Mofulumira osauka zamanja, kufalitsa maphunziro. Cities in Ancient Russia amakhala zambiri, koma matalala Kyi akali mlandu. Lero, m'chigawo chapakati likulu Chiyukireniya mukhoza kuwona nyumba anamangidwira mu heyday ya boma.

Zokopa likulu Chiyukireniya

mzinda wakale Russia wakale anali wokongola kwambiri. Ndipo ndithudi, likulu yotero. Lero, zipilala kamangidwe ka nthawi kuti kupereka mwayi wolalikira ulemerero wa Kiev. The zowoneka kwambiri - Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi mmonke Anthony mu 1051. Zovuta tichipeza akachisi mwala chokongoletsedwa ndi murals, maselo, mapanga mobisa, nsanja zokhalamo. Golden Chipata anamanga pansi Yaroslav Wanzeru - wapadera chikumbutso cha zomangamanga kumbuyo. Today pali owonetsera zakale mkati komanso kuzungulira nyumba anagawa Square, kumene waima chipilala kuti kalonga. M'pofunikanso kuyendera wotchuka St. Sophia Cathedral (1037), St. Michael Cathedral Vydubychi ansembe yotchedwa (XI -. XII m'ma) (. Onse atumwi XII), Cyril, Utatu Chipata Mpingo, Mpingo wa Mpulumutsi pa Berestove.

Veliky Novgorod

Major Cities of Ancient Russia - si Stolny Kiev. Ndi zokongola ndi Novgorod, omwe ulipo mpaka lero, chifukwa sanali adagwidwa ndi asilikaliwa. Kenako, pofuna kutsindika yofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya mudzi, dzina lovomerezeka za akuluakulu a awonjezera ndi manambala oyambirira "Great".

Amazing Castle, anagawa mtsinje Volkhov, idamangidwa pa 859. Koma ichi ndi tsiku pamene kuthetsa anali woyamba kutchulidwa magwero olembedwa. Chronicle anatchula mu 859 anafa Novgorod Voevoda Gostomysl choncho Novgorod anauka mamawa, kale kuitana Rurik pa ukulu wa. zofukulidwa m'mabwinja asonyeza kuti m'mayiko amenewa anthu atakhazikika m'zaka za zana lachisanu. Mu mbiri kum'mawa kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi amatchedwa-Slaviya (Ulemerero, Sala), mmodzi wa malo chikhalidwe cha Lazaro. Mwa ichi amatanthauza mzinda Novgorod ndi kuloŵedwa m'malo - wakale tawuni Ilmen Asilavo. Ndiponso, Baibulo limatinso ndi Scandinavia Holmgard, likulu Gardariki.

Features likulu la Republic Novgorod

Mofanana ndi mizinda yonse yaikulu ya Russia wakale, Novgorod chidagawika. Panali okhala luso-munalidi gulu kopita, malo omwe anthu amakhalako popanda misewu, malinga. Detinets aumbike mwamsanga 1044. Popanda iye, mpaka lero anakhalabe kutsinde ndi White (Alekseevskaya) nsanja. Mu zaka 1045-1050 mu mzinda wa yomanga St. Sophia Cathedral, pang'ono kenako - Nicholas Dvorischenskogo, St George ndi kubadwa kwa Yesu mwa Namwali.

Pamene aumbike Veche Republic, mzinda limamasula zomangamanga (pali Novgorod sukulu ya zomangamanga). Chuma ataya lamanja sikumanga mipingo, koma mwachangu chinkhoswe nzika amalonda ndi ogula. munyumba za anthu, monga ulamuliro, zinali za matabwa, ndi amwala anamangidwira malo okhawo kulambira. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ngakhale pa nthawi imeneyo ku Novgorod ntchito ngalande matabwa, ndi m'misewu munali kunapangitsa ndi midadada mwala.

ulemerero Chernihiv

Mwa kuphunzira m'mizinda ikuluikulu Russia wakale, osanenapo Chernigov. Mu pafupi ndi kuthetsa yamakono ya anthu ankakhala 4 Zakachikwi BC. Koma ngati matalala Choyamba otchulidwa magwero olembedwa mu chaka 907. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya yolimba mu 1024 Mstislav m'bale Yaroslava Mudrogo, Chernihiv zimapangitsa likulu lake. Kuyambira pamenepo iye wakhala akufunafuna mwakhama osauka, kukula ndi ikumangidwa. Apa anamangidwira Ilyinsky ndi Eletskii mchitidwe umenewu, limene kwa nthawi yaitali kukhala pakati wauzimu wa ukulu, amene gawo prostilalas kwa Murom ndi Kolomna Tmutarakani.

Nkhondo ya Chitata anasiya chitukuko mtendere wa mzinda, amene anatenthedwa Asilikali Chingizid Mongke mu October 1239. Ndi nthawi Kalonga masiku ano anafika katswiri angapo kamangidwe, amene ndi kuyamba kufufuza mzinda ndi alendo. Izi Mpulumutsi Cathedral (XI cent.), St. Elias Church, Sts ndi Cathedral wa Akukwera, Yelets Uspensky ansembe yotchedwa (zonse -. XII c), St. Lachisanu Church. Paraskeva (XIII c.). Chidwi Anthony Cave (XI-XIX c.) Ndipo Black n'chodabwitsa Manda, promenades ndi mayina.

Staraya Ryazan

Panali Nyumbayi wina, amene anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri. Cities mu Russia wakale anali ambiri, koma osati onse a iwo unali likulu la ukulu wa. Ryazan, kotheratu ndi Batu Khan, amakhala atachira. Mu 1778, Pereyaslavl-Ryazan, amene ali kutali ku midzi yakale Kalonga mu 50 Km, anapatsidwa dzina latsopano - Ryazan, koma ntchito ndi manambala oyambirira "New". Mabwinja a mzinda wakale Nyumbayi lero ndi chidwi kwambiri kwa olemba mbiri ndi ofukula. Only zotsalira za malinga ndi zatenga mahekitala oposa makumi asanu. The malo pofukula mulinso mabwinja a outposts alonda, New Linga Olga, amene chobisa pafupi Onse-Russian rodnovercheskoe malo.

chodabwitsa Smolensk

Mu malire chapamwamba za Dnieper ndi mzinda wakale ndi wokongola kwambiri. Placename Smolensk amabwerera mutu Smolnya mtsinje kapena kuti dzina la fuko la Smolyan. Komanso zikuoneka kuti Nyumbayi inali dzina lake polemekeza chakuti iye anali atagona pa njira ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki, ndipo anali malo apaulendo tarred bwato. Choyamba otchulidwa "The nthano ya makedzana Zaka" pa 862 ndipo amatchedwa likulu la mgwirizano mafuko Krivichy. Pa nkhondo ndi Constantinople Askold ndi Dir anazungulira Smolensk chipani chifukwa anali wolemera zokhalamo. Mu 882 Nyumbayi anagwidwa ndi Aulosi Oleg ndipo anakhala mbali ya mphamvu zake.

Mu 1127, mzinda ukhala kwambiri Rostislav Mstislavovitch, amene 1146 analamula kuti amange mpingo wa SS Petro ndi Paulo, Smolensk, Mpingo wa Ioanna Bogoslova. Pamaso nkhondo Mongol Smolensk ukufika pachimake apamwamba. Iye anatenga za 115 mahekitala, ndipo pali anthu wokhala 40 chikwi. Anthu m'nyumba zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu. Gulu kuwukira Sichinatsitsidwe anakhudza matalala, ndipo zimenezi zinamuthandiza kuti apulumutse zipilala ambiri. Koma popeza kuti wataya kufunika kwake nagwa pansi pa kudalira wa maukulu ena.

mizinda ina

Monga mukuonera, mkulu m'tauni chitukuko cha Russia wakale anawalola kukhala osati malo a ndale a m'derali, komanso kugwirizananso zakunja m'mayiko ena. Mwachitsanzo, Smolensk anali pa ubwenzi wolimba ndi Riga ndi ubwenzi malonda Novgorod ambiri lodziwika bwino. midzi Kodi zina zinalili mu Russia?

• Polotsk, pamalo tributary a azungu Dvina. Lero pa malire a Belarus ndi okondedwa ndi alendo. Za nyengo Kalonga izo amafanana St. Sophia Cathedral (m'ma 11, kuwonongedwa ndi kumangidwanso mu m'ma 18) ndi wamkulu nyumba mwala m'dziko - kusandulika Church (m'ma 12).
• Pskov (903 chaka).
• Rostov (862).
• Suzdal (862).
• Vladimir (990 chaka). Mzindawu uli m'gulu la Golden mphete ya Russia, wotchuka Uspensky ndi Dmitrievsky Cathedral, Golden Chipata.
• Moore (862), yapsya pa nkhondo Mongol anamanganso m'nthawi ya chinayi.
• Yaroslavl - mzinda pa Volga, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi Yaroslav Wanzeru m'zaka khumi oyambirira.
• Terebovlya (wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu), kutchula koyamba za mzinda kunayamba chaka 1097.
• Galich (wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu), kutchula koyamba zolembedwa za izo kunayamba chaka 1140. Komabe, mu epics wa Duke Stepanovich akunena kuti anali kuchita bwino kuposa Kiev pa moyo wa Ili Muromtsa, ndipo analandira ubatizo kale zaka 988.
• Vyshgorod (946 chaka). Nyumbayi inali gawo la Mfumukazi Olga ndi malo ake ankakonda. Ndi apa kuti anakhala akazi achabe mazana atatu, Prince Vladimir asanalandire ubatizo wake. Kuchokera Russian nyengo Old sanakhale ndi moyo nyumba umodzi.
• Pereyaslavl (masiku ano Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky). Mu 907 iye anatchula magwero olembedwa. Lero mu mzinda munakwanisa kuona zotsala za malinga 10-11 zaka.

m'malo epilogue ndi

Kumene, tilibe kutchulidwa mizinda yonse ya nthawi ya ulemerero ya kum'mawa Asilavo mu mbiri. Makamaka sangathe kufotokoza iwo mokwanira monga momwe oyenera, chifukwa kukula bwinobwino nkhani yathu. Koma tikukhulupirira kuti chidwi kudzutsidwa mu kuphunzira m'mbuyomu.