Kugawilidwa kwanthaka thupi: kapangidwe ndi ntchito. ziwalo Excretory nyama: kufotokoza, phindu

Kukhala ndi kambiri kwa kagayidwe mu thupi, wotchedwa homeostasis, mwa njira neurohumoral lamulo la kupuma, chimbudzi, magazi kudzipatula ndi kuswana. Nkhaniyi tidzakambirana ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka dongosolo chiwalo cha anthu ndi nyama, kapangidwe awo ndi ntchito, komanso kufunika zochita kagayidwe kachakudya ku zamoyo zina.

Tanthauzo zamoyo ziwalo Kupeleka

Chifukwa cha kagayidwe zikuchitika mukachipinda wa zamoyo amasonkhana yambiri poizoni, carbon dioxide, amoniya salt. Kuwachotsa muyenera dongosolo lomwe kumatha poizoni mu chilengedwe. Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya dongosolo excretory anaphunzira thunthu ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa Kugawilidwa kwanthaka limba akutali amapezeka mu nyama nyama zonse zopanda mafupa ndi amgwirizano chosokonekera. Makoma a matupi awo wapangidwa ndi zigawo zitatu: ndi exo meso ndi endoderm. Tizilombo timeneti ndi athyathyathya ndipo ozungulira mphutsi, ndipo iye excretory dongosolo iwo ankaimira protonephridia.

Kodi ntchito ziwalo excretory mu flatworms ndi nematodes

Protonephridia kuimira dongosolo la dongosolo tubular anakafika ku chachikulu kotenga njira. Iwo anapanga kuchokera kunja wosanjikiza nyongolosi - exoderm. Poizoni ndi ayoni owonjezera anasonyeza padziko thupi la mphutsi kudzera pores lapansi.

Mapeto mkati amaperekedwa ndi gulu njira protonephridia - cilia kapena michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana. Undulating m'gulu lawo analimbikitsa madzimadzi intercellular, lomwe limathandiza kuti kusefera ntchito ya ducts excretory.

Progressive Kuvuta Kugawilidwa kwanthaka ziwalo kuchokera annelids

Annelids, monga, nyongolotsi, Nereis, lobworm kuchotsedwa wanu mankhwala thupi kagayidwe kachakudya ntchito metanephridia - excretory ziwalo mphutsi. Iwo ndi maonekedwe a machubu, mbali ina imene leykovidno kukodzedwa ndi kupatsidwa cilia, ndi ena amapita ku chikuto nyama ndi otsegula - nthawi. Vuto la Kugawilidwa kwanthaka limba mu, nyongolotsi ndi chifukwa zikamera ya sekondale thupi M'mimbamo - coelom.

Features dongosolo ndi ntchito za tubules Malpighian

The oimira arthropods monga Kugawilidwa kwanthaka limba zimatengera mtundu wa nthambi tubules, limene kuchokera hemolymph - intracavitary madzimadzi - odzipereka kusungunuka kagayidwe ndi mankhwala owonjezera madzi. Iwo amatchedwa tubules Malpighian ndi zikusonyeza oimira gulu la a arachnids ndi tizilombo. Otsiriza, kuwonjezera pa ducts excretory, pali thupi lina - thupi mafuta, amene kudziunjikira mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya. ziwiya Malpighian, amene analowa poizoni kuyenda mu chigawo kumbuyo kwa intestine lapansi. Kuchokera kumeneko metabolites ali excreted kudzera chotulukira lapansi.

Kugawilidwa kwanthaka thupi nkhanu - nsomba zazinkhanira, lobusitara, lobusitara, - umaimiridwa ndi zopangitsa wobiriwira amene kusinthidwa metanephridia. Iwo zili pa cephalothorax nyama, kumbuyo m'munsi mwa tinyanga lapansi. Pansi zopangitsa wobiriwira ili mu nkhanu chikhodzodzo, excretory kutsegula nthawi.

Chiwalo Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa nsomba

The oimira gulu la nsomba Bony ndi vuto zina za dongosolo excretory. Iwo ali mawonekedwe a mdima yofiira matupi riboni zooneka - thunthu impso inali pamwamba pa chikhodzodzo mpweya. Ndi aliyense wa iwo masamba ureter kudzera amene mkodzo umayenda mu chikhodzodzo, ndipo ali kale mwa izo - yoyambirira urogenital. The oimira gulu la nsomba cartilaginous (nsombazo, kuwala), ndi ureters tidzikhuthule mu cloaca ndi chikhodzodzo palibe.

Potengera dongosolo la dongosolo excretory, onse nsomba Bony anawagawa m'magulu atatu: tikukhala mu madzi, madzi amchere, ndi gulu la otchedwa kuyenda-amoyo mu mchere ndi madzi abwino mogwirizana ndi maonekedwe a spawning.

Madzi oyera nsomba (yoimba, bream, carp, bream) kupewa kuwonjezapo kwambiri kwa thupi lawo madzi tili kuchotsa wambirimbiri madzi mwa tubules Malpighian ndi glomeruli aimpso. Choncho, carp akupanga kwa 120 ml ya madzi pa makilogalamu 1 kulemera kwake, ndi mlamba - mpaka 380-400 ml. Thupi si nacho chosowa mchere, madzi oyera nsomba makutu zinthu monga mapampu, madzi amawapopa kuchokera ayoni ndi soda ndi chlorine. M'madzi moyo - m'nyanja zikuluzikulu fulonda, nsomba ya makerele, - M'malo mwake, amadwala kupanda madzi m'thupi. Pofuna kupewa madzi m'thupi ndi kukhala zachilendo osmotic kuthamanga mu thupi, akakamizidwa kumwa nyanja madzi, umenenso osasankhidwa mu impso ndi, mwayeretsa ku salt. Owonjezera sodium kolorayidi amachotsedwa mwa makutu ndi ndowe.

Kodi nsomba zosamukasamuka, monga njoka yam'madzi European, ndi "lophimba" njira osmoregulation ikuchitika ndi impso ndi makutu, malingana ndi kumene madzi ali.

Dongosolo excretory mu achule

Monga ozizira okhala chilengedwe pansi madzi, amphibian monga nsomba kuchotsa zoipa mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya kudutsa khungu adachitira ndi mesonephros. Mu achule, newts, Ceylon rybozmeya Kugawilidwa kwanthaka umaimira thupi impso wophatikizidwa, ili mbali ya msana, ndi utsi kuchokera ureters akuyenda mu cloaca lapansi. Gawo la mankhwala gaseous a kagayidwe achotsedwa kwa iwo mwa zigawo kuwala kuti chigwire ntchito excretory, pamodzi ndi khungu.

M'chiuno impso - ziwalo zikuluzikulu za mbalame ndi nyama Kugawilidwa kwanthaka

Mu ndondomeko ya mesonephros kusanduka mutate mu mawonekedwe zambiri pang'onopang'ono kwa ziwalo excretory - impso mafupa a chiuno. Iwo zili mumtima M'mimbamo m'chiuno, pafupifupi pafupi ndi cloaca mu zokwawa ndi mbalame, ndi pafupi ndi gonads (testes ndi thumba losunga mazira) - nyama. Kulemera ndi buku la impso ndi kuchepa koma kusefa imapanga impso ndi, maselo nephron ali kwambiri, ndipo izi zimabweretsa chakuti Kugawilidwa kwanthaka ziwalo nyama a kalasi ya mbalame ndi nyama, efficiently yeretsani mwazi wa zinyalala ndi kuteteza thupi ku madzi m'thupi.

Komanso, mbalame, mosiyana onse inakhala ena apadziko, palibe chikhodzodzo, kotero mkodzo si kudziunjikira mwa iwo, ndi ureter umalowa yomweyo mu cloaca, ndiye kunja. Ichi ndi chipangizo kuti amachepetsa thupi mbalame, chimene chiri chofunika, anapatsidwa mphamvu yawo kuwuluka.

Kusefera ndi kumamatira ntchito za impso anthu

Anthu, excretory ziwalo - impso - ukufika chitukuko wapamwamba ndi specialization. Iwo akhoza ankamuona ngati yaying'ono kwambiri (kulemera onse impso wamkulu si upambana 300 g) fyuluta zamoyo zomwe transmits maselo kudzera mwa - nephrons malita 1,500 magazi patsiku. Mu Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi mankhwala, ntchito yachibadwa ya thupi kofunika makamaka. Mu dongosolo Chinese thanzi U-Shin impso ndi waukulu moyo amafotokozera.

Aimpso parenchyma lili miliyoni 2 nephrons, wopangidwa mwa kapisozi a Bowman-Shymlanskaya imene ndondomeko ya imathandiza magazi ndi mapangidwe mkodzo zapulaimale ndiponso tubules convoluted (kuzungulira wa Henle), anthu reabsorption - kusankha m'zigawo shuga, mavitamini ndi otsika mapuloteni kulemera maselo ku mkodzo chachikulu, ndipo kubwerera kwa mtsinje wa magazi. Chifukwa, reabsorption anapanga mkodzo sekondale. Ilo lili ndi owonjezera madzi, mchere, urea. Iwo bere mu mafupa a chiuno ndi aimpso, ndi kwa iwo - mu ureters ndi mu chikhodzodzo. Ichi ndi kuzungulira 2 L / tsiku. Kuyambira limeneli chikachita kuchotsedwa mkodzo kunja.

Choncho sikuloledwa kudzikundikira madzimadzi mu M'mimbamo viscera ndi thupi kuledzera ndi kupewedwa.

Kwa ziwalo zambiri excretory katundu kagayidwe kachakudya

Komanso impso akuchita udindo waukulu mu osmoregulation ndi kuchotsa salt owonjezera ndi poizoni, pang'ono excretory ntchito mu thupi la munthu umagwira mapapo, khungu, zopangitsa thukuta ndi m'mimba. Choncho, chifukwa cha kuwombola mpweya, akuyendera alveoli umene zigawo kuwala amapezeka Kupha carbon dioxide, nthunzi, poizoni, monga mankhwala kuwonongeka Mowa. Ndi excretion wa zopangitsa thukuta kuchotsedwa urea, salt kumwetsa ndi madzi. Chiwindi, kupatula otsogolera mu kugaya chakudya, inactivates mankhwala poizoni kuwonongedwa kwa mapulotini, mankhwala, mowa, salt wa cadmium ndi mtovu ali magazi venous.

Ntchito ziwalo zonse (impso, m'mapapo, khungu, m'mimba ndi zopangitsa thukuta), chimene chiri chibadidwe excretory ntchito amapereka njira yachibadwa mosiyanasiyana kagayidwe kachakudya ndi homeostasis.