Kodi malamulo majini: ndizosowa

Mu selo iliyonse, ndipo mbali zonse za anatomical thupi, morphological ndi zinchito chikhalidwe anatsimikiza ndi kapangidwe ka mapuloteni, zomwe zina mwa iwo. Cholowa chuma cha chamoyo ndi luso lithe mapuloteni yeniyeni. The DNA la amino zidulo anakonza mu unyolo polypeptide kumene amadalira makhalidwe kwachilengedwenso.
Mukachipinda amakhala ndi ndondomeko yake nucleotides mu polynucleotide unyolo DNA. Ichi ndi malamulo majini a DNA. Pophunzira ake olembedwa za kaphatikizidwe mapulotini ena. Kuti ndi malamulo majini a katundu ndi mfundo majini anaphimba m'nkhani ino.

A mbiri pang'ono

Ganizo lakuti mwina pali malamulo chibadwa, wakhala anakonza ndipo Dzh.Gamovym A.Daunom pakati pa zaka mazana makumi awiri. Akunena kuti ndondomeko ya nucleotides kuti ndi udindo kaphatikizidwe wa ena kwa amino zidulo, limapangidwa limasonyeza osachepera atatu. Kenako kutsimikiziridwa kuchuluka molondola nucleotides atatu (gulu la malamulo majini), wotchedwa ndi triplet kapena codon. Okwana pali sikisite anayi nucleotides, chifukwa mamolekyulu zidulo, kumene kaphatikizidwe zomanga thupi kapena RNA, wapangidwa ndi zatsalira anayi osiyana nyukiliotayidi.

ndi malamulo majini Kodi

Njira kwa amino asidi ndondomeko ya mindandanda mapuloteni wolemba pulogalamu kudzera nucleotides wamba maselo amoyo onse ndi zamoyo. Ndicho chimene malamulo chibadwa.
Mu DNA, pali nucleotides anayi:

• adenine - A;
• guanine - G;
• cytosine - C;
• thymine - T.

Iwo anasankhidwa ndi zilembo zazikulu mu Latin kapena (mu mabuku Russian) Russian.
The RNA mulinso nyukiliotayidi anayi, koma mmodzi wa iwo ndi osiyana DNA ndi:

• adenine - A;
• guanine - G;
• cytosine - C;
• uracil - W.

nucleotides onse anakonza mu unyolo, amene analandira mu helix awiri a DNA ndi RNA - wosakwatiwa.
Mapuloteni zochokera makumi awiri kwa amino zidulo, m'mene imakonzedwa mu ndondomeko zina zokonzedwa ndi katundu kwachilengedwenso.

The katundu wa malamulo majini

Triplet. Unit ya malamulo majini tichipeza makalata atatu, ndi triplet. Izi zikutanthauza kuti alipo makumi awiri ndi zitatu amino zidulo ndiyotengera ndi nucleotides wina wotchedwa codons kapena trilpetami. Pali sikisite anayi osakaniza kuti akhoza analenga kuchokera ku nucleotides anayi. ndalamazo ndi zoposa mokwanira encode makumi awiri kwa amino zidulo.
Degeneracy. Aliyense asidi kwa amino limafanana codon kuposa wina, kupatulapo methionine ndi tryptophan.
Wapadera. codon wina encodes ndi kwa amino asidi umodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mu mbewu ya munthu wabwino ndi nkhani chandamale hemoglobin beta triplet GAG ndi GAA encodes asidi glutamic. Ndipo onse amene ali odwala ndi magazi m'thupi chikwakwa-selo, nyukiliotayidi wina m'malo.
Collinearity. The kwa amino asidi ndondomeko zonse limafanana ndi ndondomeko nyukiliotayidi imene ili mbewu.
Ndondomekozi kumtundu mosalekeza ndi yaying'ono, kutanthauza kuti izo siziri kutero "zopumira". Ndiko kuti, kuyambira pa codon makamaka ndi readout mosalekeza. Mwachitsanzo, AUGGUGTSUUAAUGUG muwerenge ngati: Aug, GUG, TSUU, AAC, GUG. Koma si Aug, ugg ndi zina zotero kapena china ayi.
Zosiyanasiyana. Iye ni mmodzi mwamtheradi zamoyo zonse lapadziko, anthu nsomba, bowa ndi mabakiteriya.

tebulo

Tebulo si upereke kwa amino zidulo onse. Hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, phosphoserine, iodo tyrosine, cystine, ndi ena palibe, chifukwa iwo zichokera kwa zidulo ena kwa amino ndiyotengera ndi mRNA ndi chifukwa mapuloteni pambuyo kusinthidwa chifukwa cha kusinthika.
Chifukwa malamulo chibadwa ziri zodziwika bwino katundu amatha wina codon kabisidwe wina asidi kwa amino. Kupatulapo ndi ntchito zina ndi kabisidwe valine ndi methionine, malamulowo chibadwa. MRNA, pamene kumayambiriro kwa codon ndi, akulowa tRNA kuti amanyamula formylmethionyl-. Akamaliza wa kaphatikizidwe, ndipo ali lamamatira yokha analanda kwa kwakukulu formyl, lidzasinthidwa methionine zotsalira. Choncho, codons pamwamba ndi initiators kaphatikizidwe unyolo polypeptides. Ngati sali pa chiyambi, simuli wosiyana ndi ena.

uthengawu ku maselo

Mu lingaliro limeneli katundu pulogalamu, amene kuchokera makolo. Yankholo mu chibadwa monga kachidindo chibadwa.
Akuyendera mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe malamulo majini RNAs (zidulo ribonucleic) :

• Information ndi RNA;
• tRNA mayendedwe;
• tsa-ribosomal RNA.

Information imafalikira feedforward (DNA-RNA-mapuloteni) ndi chigamulocho (sing'anga-mapuloteni-DNA).
Zamoyo angalandire, sitolo, kutengerapo, ndipo ntchito nthawi yomweyo bwino kwambiri.
Popeza anasamutsidwa ndi cholowa uthengawu Mzimuyo chitukuko cha chamoyo. Koma chifukwa cha zimene zimachitika ndi chilengedwe cha zimene wotsiriza molakwika, motero zamoyo ndi chitukuko. Choncho thupi yaikidwa mfundo yatsopano.

Mawerengedwe a malamulo a zamoyo ndi Kupezeka kwa malamulo majini kuti zinasonyeza kuti m'pofunika kugwirizana chibadwa ndi Darwin pa zifukwa zoti panali chiphunzitso kupanga a kusanduka - osakhala chakale zamoyo.
Chibadwa, kusintha ndi kusankha zamoyo Darwin lowonjezera chibadwa anatsimikiza ndi kusankha. Evolution akuyendera pa mlingo majini ndi kusintha mwachisawawa ndi cholowa, zotsatira chidali amene kwambiri ndinazolowera chilengedwe.

Decoding munthu kachidindo

Mu nineties ndi inayamba ntchito Human matupi athu, chifukwa mu zidutswa ziwiri zokwana anapeza ya matupi athu ndi, munali 99,99% imene imachititsa anthu. Anakhalabe zidutswa osadziwika kuti samenya nawo kaphatikizidwe mapulotini si ndiyotengera. ntchito yawo imakhalabe osadziwika.

zinthu zatsopano mu 2006 khromozomu 1 ndi Alevi matupi athu ndi. matenda oposa mazana atatu ndi makumi asanu, monga khansa, amayamba ndi matenda ndipo masinthidwe izo.

Udindo wa maphunziro amenewa sitingalephere kukambapo. Pamene lidatsegulidwa, ndilo malamulo chibadwa, inali kudziŵika malamulo ndi chitukuko, kupangidwa ngati dongosolo morphological, maganizo, kutengera za matenda ena, ndi kupukusa chakudya ndi zilema anthu.