Kodi Asikuti? Kodi moyo? Asikuti chikhalidwe. Asikuti: photos, kulongosola. Asikuti ndi Sarmatian

"Msukuti dziko" unakhazikitsidwa mu 1 Zakachikwi BC. Izo zinayambira m'chigawo cha Europe ndi ku Asia. Chikhalidwe zinachitika ndi zachuma m'deralo, amene wakhala mmodzi wa zochitika chidwi kwambiri za m'nthawi yakale.

Kodi Asikuti?

mawu "Asikuti" ndi wakale chiyambi Greek. Nthawi zambiri ntchito pofotokoza North wongosamukasamuka onse aku Iran. About amene Asikuti, tikhoza kunena m'njira yopapatiza ndi yotakata. Njira yopapatiza amatchedwa okhala yekha m'chipululu cha Black Sea ndi North Caucasus kuŵapatulanya m'mafuko yogwirizana - Asian Sakas, Dahae, issedonov ndi Massagetae, European Cimmerians ndi Savromats-Sarmatians. A mndandanda wonse wa mafuko onse Msukuti, lomwe Olemba Kale, imakhala ndi mayina khumi ndi ochepa. Ife sitikhala atchule mitundu yonse. Mwa njira, ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti Asikuti ndi Asilavo mizu wamba. Komabe, view sikuti zatsimikiziridwa, choncho angathe kukhala odalirika.

Ndipo auze za komwe Asikuti moyo. Iwo amatanganidwa m'gawo lalikulu ku Altai kwa Danube. mafuko Msukuti kenako linalanda anthu wamba. Aliyense wa iwo anali makamaka wawo wauzimu ndi zinthu chikhalidwe. Komabe, m'madera onse a dziko lalikulu Msukuti ogwirizana ndi magwero ofanana ndi chinenero, miyambo ndi zochitika zachuma. N'zochititsa chidwi Aperisiya anakhulupirira mafuko onse awa anthu. Asikuti chimodzi Persian dzina - "saki". Izo ntchito m'njira yopapatiza amatanthauza anthu Central Asia mafuko. Mwatsoka, tingathe kuweruza kokha pamaziko a magwero kutsimikizira zomwe Asikuti. Photos wa iwo, kumene, kulibe. Komanso mudziwe mbiri iwo kwambiri.

Maonekedwe a Asikuti

Chithunzi pa mphika anapeza mu Barrow Kul-Oba, anapereka ofufuza woyamba lingaliro chenicheni cha mmene anthu ankakhala Asukuti momwe iwo ankavalira, mmene iwo anali zida maonekedwe. mafuko awa anali ndi tsitsi lalitali, masharubu ndi ndevu. Iwo atavala nsalu kapena chikopa zovala: Buluku yaitali ndi odula ndi lamba. Pa mapazi awo anali chikopa nsapato, kumwendo zomangira intercepted. Asikuti mutu chosiyanasiyana yokutidwa zisoti gabled. Monga zida zankhondo, iwo anali mauta, mivi, lalifupi lupanga, chishango lalikulu ndi mkondo.

Komanso, chifaniziro cha mafuko awa kukumana ndi zinthu zina zopezeka mu Kul-Oba. Mwachitsanzo, skiffs awiri, amene kumwa rhytons anapereka chikwangwani cha golide. Izi mwambo wa twinning, kudziwika kwa ife ndi umboni wa olemba akale.

Iron Age ndi chikhalidwe Msukuti

Education chikhalidwe Msukuti zinachitika mu nthawi ya yogawa chitsulo. Zida ndi zipangizo amapangidwa ndi zitsulo ili m'malo mkuwa ndi. Kamodzi njira anatsegula yopanga zitsulo, zaka chitsulo potsiriza anapambana. Zida zopangidwa ndi zitsulo apanga kusintha kwenikweni mu zochitika asilikali, luso komanso ulimi.

Asikuti, malo ndi zotsatira za zimene zinali zochititsa chidwi, ankakhala Oyambirira Iron Age. mafuko awa anali umisiri zapamwamba kuti akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kanthawi. Iwo akhoza kufinya chitsulo ku miyalayo, ndiye kutembenuka kuti zitsulo. Asikuti ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana china chotulutsa, carburizing, kuumitsa, kulipira. Ndi kupyolera mu mafuko awa anthu a kumpoto Europe ndi ku Asia anakumana ndi chitsulo. luso zitsulo iwo anaitenga ku osema Asikuti.

Iron mu Nart nthano mphamvu zamatsenga. Kurdalægon - wakumwamba wosula amene patronizes otchuka ndi otchuka. Yabwino mwamuna ndi wankhondo ophatikizapo Nart Batraz. Iye adabadwa ngati chitsulo, kenako Wapambana lakhala kwa osula wakumwamba. Sledges, kukunda anyamarwa ndi wogonjetsa mizinda yawo, konse kumpanda wa blacksmiths. Choncho Ossetic epos amakedzana monga zinkakhalira zithunzi zokongola, khalidwe kwa oyambirira Iron Age.

N'chifukwa chiyani wongosamukasamuka?

Mu expanses chilengedwe, ili kumadzulo kwa kumpoto kwa Black Sea ili kum'mawa kwa Mongolia ndi Altai, oposa 3 zikwi. Zaka zapitazo anayamba kukhala mtundu kwambiri yoyambirira ya chuma woyendayendawu. Gawo mbali yokulirapo a ku Central Asia ndi South Siberia. Mtundu wa ulimi m'malo ndi amangokhala ng'ombe kuukitsidwa ndi njira ulimi. A zifukwa zosiyanasiyana anachititsa kusintha zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Pakati pawo - kusintha kwa nyengo, zomwe zinachititsa steppe youma. Komanso, mafuko katswiri atakwera kavalo. The zikuchokera ng'ombe zasintha. Tsopano ayamba kulamulira kavalo ndi nkhosa, amene akhoza kupanga zawo msipu m'nyengo yozizira.

Nthawi ya oyambirira wongosamukasamuka, monga iwo ukutchedwa, ali chinachitikira ndi wofunika kwambiri pa mbiri pamene anthu ikuchitika sitepe yayikulu mbiri - chitsulo anali nkhani yaikulu ntchito kupanga zipangizo ndi zida.

moyo Nomani

Zomveka ndi wokonda moyo wodzimana moyo Nomani imene malamulo ankhanza kuti chofunika mafuko a umwini kukwera ndi luso kwambiri usilikali. Kunali koyenera kukhala wokonzeka pa nthawi iliyonse kuteteza chuma chawo kapena akathyole winawake. The muyeso waukulu wa thanzi labwino kwa Nomani anali ng'ombe. Makolo a Asikuti analandira kwa iye chirichonse muyenera: malo ogona, zovala ndi chakudya.

Pafupifupi onse steppes Noma la Europe ndi ku Asia (kupatula mumzinda kum'mawa), malinga ndi ofufuza ambiri, anali aku Iran-lingual mu nthawi oyambirira a chitukuko. Kuposa Zakachikwi ndi inatenga ulamuliro mu steppe aku Iran wongosamukasamuka: a 8-7 mu. BC. e. za m'ma AD choyamba. e. Asikuti lothandiza anali heyday a mafuko aku Iran.

Magwero, amene Tingaone pa mafuko Msukuti

Panopa chabe otalikirana kudziwika mbiri ndale ya ambiri mwa iwo, ndi achibale awo (tokhars, Massagetae, DAI, Saks, issedonov, Savromats neri Al.). Ancient olemba kufotokoza kwenikweni mchitidwe wa atsogoleri aakulu ndi nkhondo ya Asikuti. mbali zina za mafuko awa sali chidwi. About amene Asikuti, Herodotus. Only kwa wolemba uyu, amene Cicero amatchedwa "tate wa mbiri", mungapeze ikulongosola ndithu mwatsatanetsatane za miyambo, chipembedzo ndi njira ya moyo ya mafuko awa. Kwa nthawi yaitali za chikhalidwe cha North wongosamukasamuka aku Iran atadziwa pang'ono kwambiri. Only ndi theka 2 zaka za m'ma 19, pambuyo yomanga ya n'chodabwitsa manda a Asikuti (a North Caucasus ndi Ukraine), kusanthula wa ku Siberia wapeza panali lonse sayansi mwambo wotchedwa skifologiey. oyambitsa ake amaonedwa Russian ofukula zazikulu ndi asayansi: V. V. Grigorev, I. Zabelin, B. N. Grakov, MI Rostovtsev. Kudzera mukufufuza kwao, talandira zatsopano za amene ali Asikuti.

Umboni wa commonality majini

Ngakhale kuti kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha mafuko Asikuti anali aakulu, asayansi anapeza zinthu zitatu zimene zimafotokoza za umunthu wawo chibadwa. The oyamba - misampha kavalo. Amafotokozera yachiwiri wa ku la - ena mitundu ya zida kuti ntchito mafuko awa (daggers akinakes ndi mauta zing'onozing'ono). Chachitatu - chakuti zaluso onse Asikuti izi woyendayendawu anapambana kalembedwe nyama.

Sarmats (sarmovaty) anawononga Scythia

anthu amenewa m'ma 3 BC. e. displaces yoweyula wotsatira wa wongosamukasamuka. mafuko latsopano anawononga mbali yaikulu ya Scythia. Iwo awonongedwe pa anagonjetsa, ndipo ambiri m'dzikoli anasanduka chipululu. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi Diodor Sitsiliysky. Asikuti ndi Sarmatian - mafuko amene anabwera kuchokera kummawa. Ndithu yaikulu osiyanasiyana sarmovatov. Komanso amadziwika kuti panali mapangano angapo: Roksolana, Iazyges, Aorses, Sirak ... Culture wa wongosamukasamuka ali zambiri zofanana ndi Asikuti. Izi zingathe kufotokozedwa ndi achipembedzo ndi zinenero kuyandikana, ndiye mizu wamba. Sarmatian kalembedwe nyama akufotokozera miyambo Asikuti. ophiphiritsa wake maganizo mwawo. Komabe, Asikuti ndi Sarmatians yodziwika ndi zizindikiro zawo zaluso. Mu Sarmatian si monga pobwereka ndi watsopano chikhalidwe chodabwitsa. Ndi luso lomwe wakhala kwaiye nyengo yatsopano.

chitukuko Alans

Rise wa Alans, latsopano North aku Iran mtundu, chikuchitika mu 1 m'ma AD. e. Adayala ku Danube ku dera Aral Sea. Alans nawo zinachitika mu Middle Danube marcomannic nkhondo. Iwo anaukira Armenia, Kapadokiya, ndi Madiyu. m'mafuko amenewa anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa silika Road. Nkhondo ya Huns, umene unachitika mu 375 BC. e., kuthetsa ulamuliro awo m'chipululu. A mbali yofunika kwambiri Alans anasamukira ku Ulaya ndi Goths ndi Huns. m'mafuko amenewa asiya chizindikiro awo zosiyanasiyana mayina, zimene zimapezeka mu Portugal, Spain, Italy, Switzerland ndi France. Akukhulupirira kuti Alans ndi mpatuko awo zogonjetsa nkhondo ndi lupanga, ndi gulu lawo lankhondo ndi nkhawa kwambiri kwa akazi pa chiyambi cha chivalry European.

Izi mafuko mu Ages Middle kunali chochitika yodziwika mbiri. Anasiya steppe mowonekera adazindikira luso lawo. Kuthetsa mu North Caucasus mapiri, gawo la Alans anapitiriza chinenero. Iwo anakhala chifukwa cha mtundu mu mapangidwe a Ossetians ano.

Kudulidwa kwa Asikuti ndi Savromats

Asikuti m'njira yopapatiza, mwachitsanzo Asikuti European, ndi Sauromats (Sarmatians), monga asayansi amati, anagawa mpaka m'ma 7 BC. e. makolo awo wamba isanafike nthawi imeneyo padziko la steppes Caucasus. Pokhapokha kupita maiko kupitirira Caucasus, ndi Asikuti Sauromats omwazika. Kuyambira tsopano, iwo anayamba kukhala mu madera osiyana. Cimmerians ndi Asikuti anayamba kukangana. The nkhondo pakati pa anthu awa chifukwa chakuti Asikuti, kusunga yokha chochuluka zigwa North Caucasus, analanda kumpoto Black Sea dera. Cimmerians kumeneko, iwo mwina anakankhira mwina anagonjetsedwa.

Sauromats chomwecho tsopano padziko la steppes Urals, ndi Volga ndi dera Caspian. Tanais mtsinje (womwe masiku dzina - Don) ndi malire pakati pa chuma chawo ndi Scythia. Kale anali nthano zotchuka zokhudza chiyambi cha ukwati Savromats Asikuti ndi Amazons. Nthano Ichi n'chifukwa akazi savromatskie pamalo okwezeka anthu. Iwo anakwera pa ndime ndi anthu, ndipo ngakhale nawo nkhondo.

Issedones

Issedones komanso ankasiyana ofanana. m'mafuko amenewa ankakhala kum'mawa Savromats. Iwo kumene kuli m'malire a masiku ano Kazakhstan. mafuko awa ankadziwika kuti chilungamo awo. Iwo zimachitika amitundu osadziwa mkwiyo ndi udani.

Dahi, Massagets ndi saki

Dahi ankakhala pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Caspian, pa kum'mawa gombe lake. Ndipo kum'mawa kwa iwo, mu theka-m'zipululu ndi steppes a ku Central Asia, anali kuuluka Massagetae ndi Saks. Koresi Wachiwiri, woyambitsa wa Achaemenid ufumu, mu 530 BC. e. Ine ndinapanga ulendo Massagetae okhala m'dera mu Nyanja Aral. Izi mafuko mfumukazi Tomiris malamulo. Iye sanafune kuti akhale mkazi wa Koresi, ndipo anaganiza kukakamiza kuti ayambe ufumu. Gulu lankhondo la Perisiya mu nkhondo ndi Massagets anagonjetsedwa, ndipo Cyrus yekha anaphedwa.

Koma Saks Middle Asia, mafuko amenewa anawagawa mayanjano awiri: saki-saki-haumavarga ndi tigrahauda. Chotero anaitana Aperisiya. Kambuku latembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Perisiya wakale amatanthauza "lakuthwa" ndi Howdy - "chisoti" kapena "kapu". Kuti ndi saki-tigrahauda - Saks mu zipewa zisonga (zisoti), ndipo saki-haumavarga - kuwerenga haomu (wopatulika chakumwa cha Aryans). Dariyo Ine Persian mfumu, 519 BC. e. Iye anapanga ulendo mafuko tigrahauda, kupindulira iwo. Skunha chidwi ndi Saka mtsogoleri chimasonyeza mpumulo, chosema ndi dongosolo la Dariyo mu Behistun thanthwe.

Chikhalidwe cha Asikuti

Tikumbukenso kuti mafuko Msukuti analenga chikhalidwe ndithu mkulu wa nthawi yake. Kuti iwo apeza njira patsogolo chitukuko mbiri ya mndandanda wa zigawo. mafuko awa nawo mapangidwe mitundu yambiri.

Mu ufumu wa Genghis Khan anapitiriza mbiri Msukuti, anali ndi mabuku ambirimbiri a nkhani ndi nthano. Pali zifukwa ndikuyembekeza kuti ambiri mwa chuma anasunga lero m'nkhuti. Asikuti chikhalidwe, mwatsoka, akhala bwino anamvetsa. Mu zakale Indian ndi otchedwa Vedas, mu akasupe Chinese ndi Persian anati mayiko a Siberia, ndi Urals, kumene anthu zachilendo moyo. Mu Putorana yachonde, iwo anakhulupirira iwo inali adakhala wa milungu. malo awa chidwi wa akulu a India, China, Greece ndi Persia. Komabe, chidwi ndi nthawi inatha ndi chuma, ankhondo kapena ena olusa ndi mafuko kwambiri.

Amadziwika kuti Scythia pa nthawi zosiyana za ankhondo a Perisiya (Dariyo ndi Koresi Wachiwiri) India (Arjun ndi ena.), Greece (dzina lake Aleksandr Makedonsky), Ufumu wa Byzantine, Ufumu wa Roma, ndi zina zotero. D. Tidziwa magwero m'mbiri komanso kuti kuti chidwi mu mafuko awa ku Greece anasonyeza: dokotala Hippocrates, ndi malo, Hecataeus wa Mileto, tragedians Sophocles ndi ESCA, olemba ndakatulo ndi Pandora Alkaman woganiza Aristotle logograph Damask ndi ena.

Awiri nthano za chiyambi cha Scythia, anauza Herodotus

Herodotus anati nthano za chiyambi cha Scythia. Malinga ndi mmodzi wa iwo, Heracles, pokhala kuno, anakomana mu Nyanja Black (m'phanga la dziko lapansi Gilea) mkazi zachilendo. mbali m'munsi anali njoka. ana atatu anabadwa kuchokera ukwati wawo - Agathyrs, bwato laling'onolo liyenera ndi Gelon. Kuyambira mmodzi wa iwo anabwera Asikuti.

Mwachidule, longosolani nthano zina. Malinga ndi iye, woyamba pa nthaka munthu, dzina lake Targitai. Makolo ake anali Zeus ndi Borisphen (mwana wamkazi wa mtsinje). Iwo anali ndi ana atatu: Arpoksai, Lipoksai ndi Kolaksai. The wamkulu wa iwo (Lipoksai) anali kholo la Asikuti-avhatov. Traspie ndi katiary wotsikayo kuchokera Aripoksai. Ndipo kuchokera Kolaksai, mwana wamng'ono - regal paralaty. mafuko awa zimatchedwa otchedwa Scoloti ndi Asikuti anayamba kuitana iwo Ahelene.

Dera lonse la Scythia Kolaksai woyamba ogaŵikana maufumu atatu, amene anagwa ana ake. Mmodzi wa iwo, pamene kusunga golide, anapanga kwambiri. Region ili kumpoto kwa mayiko amenewa okutidwa ndi chipale chofewa. Near Ine Zakachikwi BC. e. aliyense ufumu Asikuti. Iyo inali nthawi ya Prometheus.

Asikuti mogwirizana ndi Atlantis

Ndithudi, izo zikhoza kukhala mbiri ya anthu a Scythia nthano za mndandanda wa mafumu. Amakhulupirira kuti mbiri ya mafuko awa inayambira Atlantis, wakale chitukuko. Mu ufumu m'gulu, kupatulapo zilumba za m'nyanja ya Atlantic, komwe likulu inali (Plato analongosola mu dialogues "Critias" ndi "Tineyu"), m'dziko kumpoto chakumadzulo Africa, ndi Greenland, America, Scandinavia ndi kumpoto Russia. Kuti imakhudzanso madera onse amene anali padziko North Pole Geographic. M'mayiko chilumba ankatchedwa Middle-lapansi ili apa. Iwo anthu makolo a mitundu Asia ndi ku Ulaya. Map G. Mercator, zokhudza 1565, anapereka zilumba zimenezi.

ulimi Asikuti

Asikuti - mtundu umene asilikali mphamvu akhoza kutuluka yekha pa amphamvu maziko umoyo ndi zachuma. Ndipo iwo anali m'munsi. Mayiko Msukuti zaka zoposa 2.5 zikwi zapitazo panali nyengo yofunda kuposa lero. Pakati pa mafuko wakhala anayamba nyama husbandry, ulimi, usodzi, chinkhoswe kupanga katundu wachikopa ndi smectite, zovala, ziwiya zadothi, zitsulo ndi matabwa. Iwo manufactures zida za nkhondo. Khalidwe ndi mlingo wa Asikuti mankhwala si lonyozeka kwa Greek.

Mafuko anapereka okha ndi zonse zomwe zinali zofunikira. Iwo ankachita m'zigawo za golide, chitsulo, mkuwa, siliva ndi mchere. Asikuti akuponya kupanga zafika pamlingo kwambiri. Monga Gerodot lipoti lolondola kufotokoza Asukuti m'ma 7 TH BC. e., mu ulamuliro wa yankho, mafuko awa woponya yaikulu mkuwa mphika. Wall makulidwe anali 6 zala ndi mphamvu - 600 amphora. Iwo anaponyedwa pa m'kamwa, kumwera kwa Novgorod-Seversky. Pa nkhondo ya Dariyo mphika udabisika kum'mawa kwa usinini. Apa izo ncho ndi miyala mkuwa. Asikuti golide zotsalira zobisika m'gawo la Romania. chikho ichi ndi khasu ndi goli, komanso wachiphamaso konsekonse nkhwangwa.

Trade Msukuti mafuko

Trade wakhala akupangidwa pa dera la Scythia. Panali madzi ndi dziko ankadutsa ku European ndi mitsinje Siberia, ndi Black, Caspian ndi North Pacific. Kuwonjezera magaleta matayala ndi ngolo, Asukuti anamanga lnokrylye mtsinje ndi nyanja zombo mu sitima ya Volga, ob, Yenisei, pa kamwa ya Pechora. Khan anatenga malo awa mfiti kulenga zombo wopita anagonjetsa Japan. Nthawi zina Asikuti anamanga ngalande mobisa. Iwo adagonesa pansi mitsinje ikuluikulu, kugwiritsa ntchito luso yopanga migodi. Mwa njira, mu Egypt ndi ku mayiko ena monga tunneling pansi mitsinje. atolankhani mobwerezabwereza lipoti pa ndime mobisa, amene anali pansi pa Dnieper.

Ankachitika ankadutsa ku India, Persia, China anathamanga kudutsa dziko Asikuti. katundu ankapulumutsidwa ku kumpoto kwa Ulaya ndi limodzi Volga, ob, Yenisei, ndi North Pacific, ndi Dnieper. njira izi ndi zifukwa mpaka m'ma 17. Masiku amenewo, pa magombe a mumzindawo ndi nyumba zikuluzikulu phokoso ndi akachisi.

pomaliza

Fuko lirilonse unachitikira yake njira zakale. Koma Asikuti, njira zawo sanali yochepa. Kuposa zaka chikwi, zoyezera iwo nkhaniyo. Kwa nthawi yaitali Asikuti anali waukulu zandale mu gawo lalikulu pakati pa Danube ndi Don. Kuphunzira mafuko awa chinkhoswe mu mbiri yakale ambiri apadera ndi ofukula. Kafukufuku sadaleka lero. Likugwirizana ndi akatswiri woimira zigawo pafupi (mwachitsanzo, zanyengo ndi paleogeography). Tingayembekezere kugwirizana chimene chimathandiza asayansi awa kupeza zinthu zatsopano zimene Asikuti. Photos ndi zomwe wakhala m'nkhani ino, ife tikuyembekeza, kukuthandizani kupeza chithunzithunzi cha iwo.