Conciliator ndi ntchito ka kusintha wamba wa 1861

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, ndi Russian unali angapo kusintha, kukhala ndi cholinga kusintha dongosolo umoyo ndale malinga ndi zofunikira za nthawi, mmodzi wa iwo anali chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom ndi mwapadera anayambitsa kwa positi - ndi conciliator.

Funso wamba pansi Alexander I

Pofika m'zaka za m'ma ichi, Russia anabwera ndi chuma ofooka kwambiri ndi ulimi, kugonjetsedwa mu Crimea nkhondo zina kukula njira zonse zoipa zenizeni Russian. Kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ma XIX, chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom nthawi zonse kuwuka m'deralo. Alexander I anali woyamba kukhazikitsa ufulu kwambiri ndi kwambiri okonda zochita. Makamaka pambuyo chigonjetso cha dziko lathu mu nkhondo ya 1812 ndi kampeni yachilendo ya amaganiza kuti zinthu zisinthe itakula, osati mwa anzeru, komanso pakati pa anthu wamba, ndipo akamapeza okonda nzika. Alexander Pavlovich zonse bwino, koma musati ndifulumire kuchititsa kusintha, ndipo patapita zingapo chosintha m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya ndipo amasiya kusintha malo a alimi. Chilamulo "pa alimi mfulu" ndiponso asiye kudalira wamba limati Baltic, amene anali ochepa - zonse Zimene kuchepetsa vuto la Amaya.

The maganizo a Nicholas Ine Pavlovich

Olandira m'bale mfumu wamng'ono Nicholas, banja ankadziwika monga ndiwofatsa zedi, ndi Decembrists 'chiwembu mu 1825, ali Chilimbikitsidwabe mu mkhalidwe umenewu. Pambuyo yimitsira wake ndi Mfumu yekha anatenga gawo mu mafunso a ophunzira kupanduka, ndi pamaso pake aakulu bwino zonse chithunzi yowawitsa zenizeni Russian. Nicholas Ndimagwirizana ndi mawu amene serfdom mu Russia - zoipa, koma kusintha chinachake mu zochitika, iye anachita zoipa kwambiri.

Komabe, ulamuliro wake wa mfumu ankakonda Chiwerengero Arakcheev usilikali Kumasuka wa serfs, ndi zosowa za ntchito yomwe inkafuna chaka chilichonse pafupifupi rubles mamiliyoni asanu ndi ndondomeko anawonjezera mu nthawi ndi nthawi kosatha. Ngakhale ntchito imeneyi zochepa kwambiri wotchedwa kukana lotseguka ku mabwalo boma. Minister Finance Werengerani Kankrin ananena kuti mtundu wa ndalama mosungiramo, kotero muyenera kupeza njira ina kunja, ndi polupopytki ena onse anadza kwa kanthu. Nicholas Ine kwa ulamuliro wake motalika kokwanira kotero kanthu mwachita magawowa alimi mavuto. Nthawiyi, chuma anapitiriza kukula pang'onopang'ono pang'onopang'ono zinachititsa kuti zochitika zina.

kuloza ku "mawanga akufa"

Mu 1856 iye anakhala mfumu mwana wamkulu Nicholas, Alexander II. Iye anali atachita kale anapanga munthu ndi umunthu, chofunika kwambiri chinali chakuti aphunzitsi adalowa mmalo Vasiliy Andreevich Zhukovsky, ndakatulo, owolowa manja okonda ndi kuyesa kuwaphunzitsa wophunzira wake. Kuyambira masiku choyamba cha ulamuliro wa Alexander walengeza cholinga kupasula zoipa ndi manyazi chodabwitsa - serfdom. Zonse zinayamba ndi mtsutso anthu pa kusintha, amene amapereka izo mwanjira chimaonekera ndipo irreversibility. likulu panali angapo ntchito kusintha. Mu 1859 izo linakhazikitsidwa komiti drafting, omwe akanayenera kuti tisanthule ziti ndiponso kuphatikiza onse a ntchito, kufunafuna zotsatira yoyenera kwambiri kwa nzika ndi anthu wamba. Inali ntchito mu zinthu zotsutsana kwambiri, ngakhale mfumu sanagonjere mavuto ndipo analimbikira. Ndi chiyambi cha 1861 zokonzekera zonse zitatha, ndipo February 19 anatchedwa Ndondomeko pa chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom, anagwa chikhalidwe kapolo osauka, koma kusintha inafunika polenga kwambiri matupi atsopano ndi akuluakulu, zimene angatsate ndi ntchito yake. Choncho, pali m'munsi actuator ali - conciliator.

"Ufulu"

"Chakudya cha Manifesto 1861" kumatanthauza vuto lenileni la anthu amenewa ngati kamangidwe ubale amenenso ndi mlimi pamaziko a pangano pakati pawo, lotchedwa "mosavomerezeka hayala." Amkhalapakati mtendere - anthu woyenera kwa kuyang'aniridwa wa boma mayunitsi kumidzi m'gulu, chiyanjo cha maofesi kusankidwa (mkuluyo wamba, Parish kapitawo). Ngati ndi kotheka, ndi conciliator akhoza kuwachotsa ofesi. Pankhani wamba, iye analengedwa ndi akuluakulu milandu ndi apolisi, kumvetsa pankhondo zosiyanasiyana zazing'ono, angathe kumangidwa ndi mankhwala chilango logwirika. Gawo lomwe akutumikira limodzi m'khalapakati chivundikiro zigawo zitatu ndi zisanu. Mu ufumu ntchito za 1714 akuluakulu izi. Iwo anaikidwa pakati pa otchuka a m'dera za maganizo Kazembe ndi mtsogoleri wa amazikonda anthu otchuka. Pamwamba anapereka mndandanda wa ntchito zomwe anathana conciliator, 1861 anali asonyeza, ambiri aikidwa pakati landlords mwapang'onopang'ono, mwa iwo anali Leo Tolstoy, Ni Mapayi. Monga ife apitiriza kulimbikitsa nkhani za zochitika kwaiye pa nkhoswe utachepa ndi kudutsa chaka.

The zotsatira za kusintha

Komabe, iwo achita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kusintha. Ndi chifukwa iwo kuti akhalebe bwino zofuna za alimi, ngakhale kuti kukanakhala kumuphwanyira, koma sanali kupeza chikhalidwe egregious. Ndipo chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuti iwo mwalamulo zolondola zinthu tonse mbali zonse kwa bukuli, kodi udzatha. Mtendere owayimira anayesa iliyonse wamba ndi mwininyumba posachedwapa mwapereka chiwombolo ndikupeleka, komanso mongoyembekezera udindo wa wamba sanali yaitali kwambiri. ntchito za akuluakulu awa kunalekedwa 1874, ndipo m'malo awiri mabungwe palokha zinalengedwa. Komabe, iwo alibe chidwi zosowa za alimi ndipo posakhalitsa mbali ya bureaucracy yaikulu ya Russian Ufumu. Koma chinthu chachikulu chidachitika: Amaya anamasulidwa, ndipo mtendere owayimira - chizindikiro cha ufulu Amaya.