José Ortega Gasset. "Nzeru ndi chiyani?": Koma pakafukufuku ndi mtengo wa mankhwala

Imodzi mwa oimira opambana kwambiri a Spanish ganizo zaka mazana makumi awiri ndi José Ortega Gasset. "Nzeru ndi chiyani?" - ntchito imene iye chikubweranso pa kusanthula njira imene munthu akhoza kuganiza palokha mu dziko. Pophunzitsa wake, iye ananena momveka bwino kuti wasayansi Sikuti kupepula anthu wamba. Yotsirizira iwonso amachita philosophizing. Koma kodi lingaliro lirilonse angatchedwe choncho? Ngati ayi, kodi malamulo a nzeru? Pa nkhani zimenezi, komanso ena ambiri, ndinayesetsa kuyankha José Ortega Gasset. "Nzeru ndi chiyani?" - mapulogalamu mankhwala woganiza.

mbiri yamoyo ndi maphunziro

Wafilosofi anali ndi chiyambi mfulu. Iye anabadwa mu banja kuti wapanga iye aluntha weniweni. nyumba ankapita ambiri otchuka, ndipo kuyambira ubwana, tsogolo Spanish nzeru zapamwamba anakumana ndi anthu otchuka ndi anamvetsera mawu awo. Maphunziro miyambo Jesuit koleji, imene dziko lino anapereka maphunziro yaikulu kenako pa yunivesite ya Madrid. Monga dokotala wa sayansi, anapitiriza maphunziro ake pa nsonga ya Heine ndi Hegel. Koma mbiri yake anasiya umboni mwakhama Spanish Civil nkhondo. Young nzeru zapamwamba anakhala mdani woopsa wa Franco. Anakakamizika kusamuka. Kunyumba monga nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, iye adzapitiriza wotsutsana ndi chipani cholamulira. Chotero iye, José Ortega Gasset.

"Nzeru ndi chiyani?". The kusanthula tanthauzo la poyamba

Izi zili nkhani za zimene wolemba kuwerenga mu 1928. Koma bukuli zimaikidwa mu 1964. Nkhani osati ngati mawu oyamba kuti aphunzitsi zambiri pamaso oyamba la maphunzirowa. Komanso si kusanthula mwachidule kumasulira zofunika mafunso yaikulu imene nzeru ena kwa zaka. Komanso, chifukwa pang'ono provocateur, ndi José Ortega Gasset. "Nzeru ndi chiyani?" - dzina la tanthauzo wamkulu wa concealer mankhwala kuposa disclosing izo. Ndipotu woganiza si chidwi kwambiri ndi zimene ndi chilangochi. Iye anafotokoza vuto zosiyana. Kodi tiyenera nzeru za munthu wamakono ndipo kodi pali phindu chamachitachita kwa anthu wamba mu izo - izi ndi mfundo zikuluzikulu zimene zinkachitika iye.

Existentialism ndi Mphamvu zake

Njira imeneyi si zachilendo zoyambirira za mazana makumi awiri. Ngakhale existentialism anali wotchuka kwambiri - umene n'zovuta kufotokoza bwino. Koma mbali yake yaikulu umene umakhala mbali zonse, mwina angatchedwe funso zimene pokhala ndi mmene correlates ndi moyo. Pakuti Spanish nzeru zapamwamba ndi pafupifupi chinthu chomwecho. Tiyeni tiwone momwe funso lake José Ortega Gasset. nzeru ndi chiyani? Ndi njira ya moyo. Kuti ndi mtundu wa munthu. Choncho, choonadi nthanthi si lingaliro chabe. Izo ziyenera kubwera molunjika kuchokera zinachitikira moyo, kuphatikizapo ku moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Kumvetsa dziko

Kodi wina kunena pophunzitsa lake José Ortega Gasset? "Nzeru ndi chiyani?" - buku limene amapereka malamulo a maganizo, amene ayenera kutsatira anthu. Choyamba ndi kudzipereka, omasukirana ndi ufulu. History ndi anthu kuti ziletso pa nkhani zambiri, mumaganiza ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana matanthawuzo osiyana. Mfundo si kaya ndi zoona kapena ayi, koma mfundo yakuti pa zigawo za chinthu choyambirira ndi pafupifupi zosaoneka. Choncho, woganiza weniweni ayenera kulimbana njira yake kudzera zigawo zonse izi kupeza nkhani pachiyambi, kuti dziko uliri wosazindikira, anasonyeza kuti nzeru zapamwamba a. Zinali Nditaphunzira nokha, mungaganize kuti ndi zoona kapena ayi mphamvu chikhalidwe.

choonadi zotengera malingaliridwe

Vuto limeneli komanso aukitsa José Ortega Gasset. "Nzeru ndi chiyani?" The mankhwala a lomwe lili ndi nkhani yolembedwa chidwi kuti funso la lodalirika kapena kulephera zilibe kanthu ngati ife sititenga nkhani udindo wa woganiza. Monga momwe amanena zoona, monga momwe anali amayendela? Ndipotu chimadaliranso chiyani iye akubwera. Ndi lolondola ntchito yake umboni popanda poyamba kuona ngati woganiza mu Kufuna kupatsidwa choonadi kapena monga kusewera pamodzi ndi mumaganiza za ambiri, zomwe zinali ankaona chomveka. Mwina ngati ife kuyang'ana pa mbiriyakale ya nzeru kwa mfundo imeneyi, kungakhale kulakwa kwambiri, kumene ife anazolowera.

Kusiyana kumeneku kumvetsa ndi akatswiri lolondola Sciences laperekedwa kwa gawo lapadera la maphunzirowa, amene amati Ortega Gasset ( "nzeru ndi chiyani?", nkhani 3). Choncho n'kofunika kwambiri mbali kudziwa choonadi kapena Bodza la chiphunzitso ndi yonena za wolemba wake. Ndithudi, moyo wa nzeru zapamwamba aliyense anasonyeza masana ake auzimu, kukayikira, njira choonadi kapena ku izo. Pa nthawi yomweyo timatha ntchito iliyonse ya woganiza ngati kuima pa nthawi ndi kuchititsa kukambirana ndi anthu amakono. N'chifukwa chake timatha kuwerenga ndi kumvetsetsa ntchito za m'mbuyomu.

Lamakono chakale nzeru

Ngati ambiri a anthu a existentialism, José Ortega Gasset ndi wofunika kwambiri wa miyambo sukulu Western European wa ganizo. Ndithudi, iye sanatsutse kugwirizana pakati pa nzeru zamakono zachikhalidwe. Koma kuwunika kwa anthu otchuka monga Leibniz ndi Descartes, ndi wofunika kwambiri. Iye akukhulupirira makolo izi akatswiri a chabe ", chifukwa chimene dziko lenileni m'malo zaumunthu anayamba kuchita malingaliro chabe. zinthu Real n'kuyamba kukhumbira za iwo, omwe alipo chilichonse. Malinga ndi mawu oyambirira a nzeru zapamwamba, ndi nthawi ya Descartes Western European dziko "anali opanda kuwala." Kotero ine ndinaganiza za Ortega Gasset. "Nzeru ndi chiyani?" (A chidule cha ntchito iyi ife kuwunikira pamwamba) amapereka kubwerera kwa munthu wamakono dziko lenileni. Kuti ndi ntchito nzeru, ndi bwino zimadalira m'mene ndi kupirira nazo.