Israel: boma ndi dongosolo utsogoleri

Mwa mayiko ano 14/05/1948 chaka nalowa Israel. Mtundu wa boma pano - lipabliki aphungu. dziko lino ndi unitary, zochokera kusamvana UN mu November 1947, pamene chinathetsedwa ndi lamulo British pa Palestine, amene gawo unagawidwa limati awiri palokha - wina Arab ndi wina wachiyuda.

polity

Israyeli, mtundu wa boma umene kapangidwe boma ndi unitary mtundu, lagawidwa m'zigawo zisanu utsogoleri. dongosolo mphamvu yapadera. Kuyambira mu 1996, dziko lino ndi wapadera dziko, pamene pulezidenti amasankhidwa ndi nyumba yamalamulo ndi nduna yaikulu amasankhidwa yotchuka, mwachindunji ndi nzika okha.

Apa demokalase ndale. The Constitution silimasewera udindo wa kachitidwe malamulo ndipo alibe malamulo mphamvu yaikulu. M'malo mwake muli ena otchedwa Chilamulo Basic. The Knesset, mayiko a boma pulezidenti wa chuma, likulu la Yerusalemu, asilikali, pa chisankho ndi dongosolo la milandu - kuchokera 1955, zisanu ndi zinayi zokhudza izi malamulo anatengedwa pa 1988 TH Knesset (otchedwa yamalamulo). Israel, boma lomwe chimasiyanitsa izo kuchokera m'mayiko onse amadziwika kuti amalowerera malamulo asanu ndi anai.

malamulo

Malamulo Basic Mosiyana Constitution kuti m'mikhalidwe palibe sangathe inaimitsidwa, kukonzedwa malamulo, ngakhale mu zinthu zinafika poipa kwambiri. Monga mbali ya malamulo malemba ena nkhani wotchedwa "walinga" zimene mungathe kusintha, koma amazipanga kovuta kuchita. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, Israel, mtundu wa boma chimene chimafuna osati chilolezo, koma ambiri mtheradi wa mavoti a Knesset, amathera nthawi ndi zazikulu njira kukavota. Kotero izo zinali kamodzi, pamene panali funso za chisankho aphungu Komano, chiwembu njila.

Kwa nthawi yaitali malamulo si kudzadza, koma mu 1992 awiri atsopano watengedwa. Chilamulo Basic pa ufulu wa kudzinenera ndi kupereka ulemu kwa anthu. The woyamba yomalizidwa ndi buku yomaliza inatulutsidwa yekha mu 1994, tsopano umalimbitsidwa kwathunthu. M'zaka khumi zapitazo anatengedwa ndi malamulo ena, koma iwo sanakhale waukulu, ngakhale zili kwa iwo akhoza zimachitika. Mtundu wa boma ku Israel likupitirirabe demokalase.

Chifukwa chosowa ya Constitution

Mu dziko lino pali mfundo ziwiri masomphenya a mitundu ya boma, ndendende chifukwa zipani sanaleke chitsutso ndipo sangathe mwa njira iliyonse zotsatira mumtima awiri osiyana ndi chimodzi chimene. Pali amalimbikitsa maganizo boma boma, lomwe kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Constitution, pamene adani awo - theocrats -otritsayut muyenera china malamulo ena kuposa Torah. Ntchito ya chipembedzo ndi pachimake, kotero mawonekedwe a bolodi ku Israel ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi maiko ena.

Yamalamulo - ndi Knesset - ndi unicameral ndipo imakhala anthu zana limodzi ndi makumi awiri, amene amasankhidwa kwa zaka zinayi. Mphamvu zokonza malamulo anaikira mu manja ake. Mozama othandiza ndi njila dongosolo chifaniziro. Mpaka 1996, Nduna kusankhidwa ndi chipani cholamulira, ndiye chisankho kwa Knesset anayamba pamodzi ndi chisanko mwachindunji mtsogoleri wamkulu wa boma. Pa nthawi yomweyo Nduna analandira mwayi kupasuka kwa Knesset, ngati iye awona kuti ambiri mwa aphungu sizilingana izo. Amenewa ndi mawonekedwe a boma. boma. Israel pa nkhani patsogolo zinazo.

mphamvu

mphamvu zokonza malamulo sukhala pafupifupi kanthu, kuti ayamba malamulo a veto sangathe chija, iwo sati zimafika ngakhale ndi Supreme Court. The Knesset alinso lonse kuyambira mphamvu, ulamuliro ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi boma ndi zochita zake. Lilili m'mayiko ena, koma osati onse, ngakhale mawonekedwe a boma.

Israel wachita zonse zotheka kuti malamulo sanathe kuononga. Knesset amavomereza bajeti, kuyang'anira ntchito zonse za boma mothandizidwa ndi wachiwiri pempho kwa utumiki, umachitika ndi zofufuza aphungu. The Knesset ali ndi ufulu kulekeza boma, ngati inu kusonyeza voti chikhulupiriro.

Yamalamulo ndi Boma

Boma mu Israyeli anaitenga ku chitsanzo British, kumene malamulo kanthu amanyamula makamaka boma. Lililonse lamulo amawatenga ambiri akuluakulu pano (by njira, mwamtheradi chiwerengero kale amapanga quorum).

The kuchotserapo ndi malamulo kusintha dongosolo visankho kapena kuthana ndi Malamulo Basic. Mu milandu mukufuna ambiri mtheradi, ndi malinga ena ndi malamulo.

pulezidenti

Mutu wa boma amasankhidwa ndi Knesset kwa zaka zisanu. pulezidenti uyu, udindo umene Mzimuyo lamulo zofunika, lofalitsidwa mu 1964. Opitirira awiri mawu zotsatizana Pulezidenti alibe ufulu ntchito. Komabe, - munthu pafupifupi mwadzina, amagwira ntchito miyambo ndi kulemera ndale m'dziko alibe.

mphamvu ya pulezidenti ziperekedwa pa malangizo a Atumiki a State: iye walemba onse mabacteria kuti kale linalowa nawo m'Pangano Knesset, komanso malamulo Usawasimbire lamulo lake.

Apa ndi boma, Israel Komabe, ankaona kuti lipabliki mutsogoleli wadziko. M'mayiko ena, mapulezidenti ndi ufulu veto, pulezidenti Israel - ayi. Iye akhonza kusankha nthumwi za mgwirizano wa mayiko ndi kulandira nyota wake, koma wamkulu alibe.

nduna

Koma munthu uyu ndi mtsogoleri wa boma, ndipo iye ali wosankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anthu. Ofuna akuthamanga pa maphwando chimodzi kapena zingapo, amene osachepera khumi mipando mu Knesset, kapena kusonkhanitsa anasaina zikwi makumi asanu.

Wakonzekera kuti nduna yaikulu sangakhale pansi zaka makumi atatu, ndipo ayenera kutsogolera mndandanda phwando. Kuposa zaka ziwiri nduna yaikulu, palibe amene angakhalemo. Mtsogoleri wa boma makamaka potsogolera komanso akunja ndi zoweta malamulo a boma Komabe, zochita zonse zofunika ayenera choyamba amavomereza Knesset.

voti ya alibe chidaliro

Amenewa ndi boma ku Israel pa mphindi. Pabvomelezo ya Knesset, nduna akhoza anaika kapena kuchotsa boma. Komabe, boma ndi udindo yamalamulo. Ngati voti ya sakhulupirira adzakhalanso mokwanira mu zonse sikisite wina mavoti owonjezera ambiri mchitidwe ankaona svershonnym.

Ndiye mugwiritse chisankho kachiwiri - ndi Knesset ndi nduna yayikulu. Knesset yolengeza voti wopanda chikhulupiriro Nduna yayikulu, muyenera imbani ambiri eyite-wani voti, ndi aithamangitse kuti, mwachitsanzo, khalidwe zikuyenela kukhumudwa, zambiri ambiri aphungu a sikisite wina voti. Ndiye mpando ndi mavoti Nduna.

dongosolo malamulo

Dongosolo malamulo ndi wothira mu dziko, chifukwa pali mbali ndi chokhala (Aroma German) ndi achingelezi malamulo. Komanso, pali anakhudzanso mwa machitidwe awiri osiyana kwambiri ndi lamulo la chipembedzo - Muslim ndi Ayuda, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa zipembedzo zimene sangathe kuwayanjanitsa Israel. Mtundu wa boma ndi dongosolo utsogoleri zimadalira nkhani ya mapangidwe boma.

Mpaka 1918, madera a m'gulu Turkey, kumene unali popangidwa ndi ufulu wa Ottoman. Maziko a chilamulo ichi, zomwe unagwira ntchito Palestine, inunso wapangidwa magwero a chiyambi osiyana. Kudzanja lamanja la umwini anauyamba Code zinthu "Mecelle" - malamulo Chisilamu (Hanafi sukulu). Mabanja ndi ukwati ndi cholowa ankapatsidwa malamulo uncodified Chisilamu, ndi malonda m'dera amatsatila malamulo, kukopedwa ndi Turkey mu njira French.

England

Mu 1922, ku UK ali ndi udindo wa League of Nations kudzera limene anathamanga mpaka 1947 Palestine. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye anapereka lamulo malinga ndi zomwe makhoti onse a gawo anapitiriza kutsatira malamulo a boma Ottoman mu uthunthu wake - komanso zomwe zinali kwenikweni pamaso February 1914, ndipo malamulo anadutsa pambuyo pake, ndipo zochita malamulo, amene adatenga mphamvu Palestine.

Ndi ntchito ndi alipidwa mchitidwe atsamunda - makhoti akhala ovomerezeka, pakalibe chilamulo, kuzichita mfundo potengera mfundo za malamulo ofanana ndi chilungamo. Choncho , malamulo English pang'onopang'ono kuposa la Franco-Ottoman. Mbaathamangisamo.

malamulo Israel

Pamene Palestine anasefukira Ayuda ambirimbiri, Ayuda malamulo achipembedzo anali kuyesa kupulumutsa mpumulo, chifukwa lamulo unachirikizidwa malamulo alipo, osati malinga ndi chilengezo cha ufulu ndi malamulo kuti kenako anatengera ndi Knesset. Zimenezi akali opareshoni, popeza malamulo a Ottoman Ufumu ambiri malamulo lamulo nthawi koma kulibe.

Kwa zaka zambiri, unakhazikitsidwa pa maziko a Supreme Court zochita za akonzedwa wapadera wa ufulu - choncho apongozi: ufulu kusonkhana, akuti, chipembedzo, kulingana ndi lamulo la. mfundo zimenezi zingakhale mwachilungamo amanyadira Israel. Mawonekedwe a dongosolo boma ndi boma la dziko zinachititsa kuti malamulo zothandiza, ngakhale wosanganiza awo.

State Mtsogoleri

Pali malo amodzi, wobvomerezedwayo mwa 1949, kupereka akuluakulu onse udindo anthu. Izi State Mtsogoleri - Wamkulukulu kafukufuku Institution, amene ali boma. Israel State Comptroller zopempha kutsimikizira kumbali, dzuwa, mogwira mtima, ngakhale mbali koyenela a zochita za makonzedwe ndi akalonga onse.

Kuyambira mu 1971, State Comptroller anatumizidwa ntchito za milandu, mwachitsanzo Parliamentary Commissioner, amene amafufuza madandaulo nzika. munthu woteroyo kusankhidwa kutumikira kwa zaka zisanu molemekeza chinsinsi cha mamembala onse a Knesset ndipo ali ndi mlandu iye yekha basi. State Comptroller akhoza kuyendera nkhani iliyonse, zolembedwa ndi mbiri ogwira maofesi aliyense, kupeza zopanda malire izo. Iwo limafufuza utumiki wa mabungwe a boma, zomangamanga chitetezo, aliyense matupi kwa aboma ndi boma, mabungwe a boma, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono boma akumeneko, mawu - zonse, kuphatikizapo ndale ndipo aliyense malipoti a zachuma.

chipembedzo

Ku chipembedzo cha boma ndi sanasiyane, ndicho chifukwa m'madera onse ndi mabungwe wapadera achipembedzo ankalemba yekha wa anthu wa atsogoleri achipembedzo, zomwe lomaliza akusankhidwa ndi makonsolo, Wamkulu Rabbinate ndi a Unduna Woona za Zipembedzo. Ntchito yaikulu ya akulu amenewa ndi monga kulikonse, utsogoleli wa yachipembedzo, koma apa, kuwonjezera, monga Poland, bungwe la chipembedzo lili ndi ufulu kupereka ntchito zokhudzana ndi zochita udindo boma. Ndiko kuti, banjali sindimapita ku kaundula ndi kachisi ndi kutenga mtchatho wa ukwatiwo.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, Israel ndi boma demokalase choncho mwalamulo pa ndime ndi Ayuda magulu ambiri mitundu ndi zipembedzo. Izi Arab Asilamu ndi Akristu Arab, ku Armenia, Bedouins, Druze, Asamariya ndi anthu ena ambiri. Yokhala, palibe chipembedzo cha boma alipo Komabe, ndi chipembedzo cha boma ndi sanasiyane. malamulo a Ayuda Israel si chikalata chifukwa pali kusagwirizana ammudzi za ubale wa chipembedzo boma ndi udindo wake mu chikhalidwe. Zimenezi zinanenedwa pamwamba. Palibe zipembedzo alipo mu dziko alibe udindo mokondera. Iwo tinatengera malamulo a mwambo British.