Zotayidwa: mankhwala ndi thupi katundu

Mmodzi wa yabwino kwambiri ndi zitsulo zipangizo processing. Pakati pawo komanso atsogoleri awo. Mwachitsanzo, katundu yaikulu ya zotayidwa amadziwika kuti anthu akale. Iwo ali abwino ntchito kunyumba, kuti zitsulo umenewu wakhala wotchuka kwambiri. Kodi katundu wa zotayidwa monga chinthu yosavuta mmene atomu, tikambirana chiyani m'nkhani ino.

zotayidwa kutsegula nkhani

Kuyambira nthawi makedzana munthu kudziwika pawiri wa zitsulo - potaziyamu alum. Icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira waluso kuti pathupi ndi akulumikiza zigawo zikuluzikulu za osakaniza, kunali koyenera ndi khungu chikopa. Kuli koona aluminiyamu anadziwika m'zaka XVIII, mu theka lachiwiri. Komabe, izi anali simudalandira chinthu choyera.

Wamaliza yapadera zitsulo mankhwala enaake ake wasayansi woyamba H. Oersted. Izo kukonzedwa mapaziwo apangidwa mchere potaziyamu ndi olekanitsidwa osakaniza ufa imvi, amene anali wangwiro zotayidwa.

Ndiye zinaonekeratu kuti katundu mankhwala zotayidwa ndi akuwonetseredwa mu ntchito yake yapamwamba, wamphamvu sichisinthasinthanso. Choncho kwa nthawi yaitali ndi iye salinso ntchito.

Komabe, mu 1854, ku France Deville angathe kulandira osungunula zitsulo ingots ndi electrolysis. njira Ichi ndi zogwirizana lero. Makamaka kuŵeta zinthu zamtengo wapatali anayamba m'zaka za m'ma XX, pamene mavuto amene anathana kupeza wambirimbiri mphamvu kuntchito.

Pakali pano, zitsulo - mmodzi wa otchuka kwambiri ndi ntchito yomanga ndi makampani kunyumba.

General makhalidwe a atomu zotayidwa

Ngati ife zimaonetsa zinthu mu funso pa nkhaniyi mu dongosolo nthawi, n'zotheka kusankha zinthu angapo.

1. Siriyo chiwerengero - 13.
2. Malowa ali pamtunda wachitatu nthawi otsika wa gulu lachitatu subgroup chachikulu.
3. Atomiki misa - 26,98.
4. Chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi valence - 3.
5. Kasinthidwe wa wosanjikiza lakunja kwapatsidwa mwa ² 3s 3p ^1.
6. Dzina la mchitidwe wa - zotayidwa.
7. Zitsulo katundu ndi yapadera kwambiri.
8. Isotopes si mu chikhalidwe, pali mtundu umodzi wokha, misa nambala ya 27.
9. Chizindikiro mankhwala - AL, mu mitunduyi ndi kuwerenga monga "zotayidwa".
10. The makutidwe ndi okosijeni yekha, ndi wofanana ndi atatu.

The katundu mankhwala zotayidwa ndi anatsimikizira kwathunthu ndi matabwa ake pakompyuta atomu, chifukwa ndi lalikulu atomiki utali wozungulira ndi yaing'ono elekitironi kuyandikana, ndi wokhoza kuchita monga amphamvu kuchepetsa wothandizila, komanso onse zitsulo yogwira.

Zotayidwa monga chinthu losavuta: thupi katundu

Ngati ife kulankhula za zotayidwa ngati nkhani yamasewera, ndi silvery-woyera yosalala zitsulo. Iwo oxidizes mofulumira mu mlengalenga ndipo ali ndi wandiweyani okusayidi filimu. Chinthu chomwecho chikuchitika pamene kanthu zidulo anaikira.

Kupezeka kwa ziwalo amapanga zitsulo izi kugonjetsedwa ndi dzimbiri, amene, ndithudi, yabwino kwa anthu. Choncho, ichi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito yomangayi zotayidwa. Katundu wa thunthu ngakhale chidwi chakuti zitsulo ichi ndiye kuunika kwambiri, ndi cholimba ndi zofewa. Kuphatikiza zizindikiro zimenezi zilipo sakhala patali ndi yense mankhwala.

Pali katundu zingapo zofunika zakuthupi kuti ndi khalidwe la zotayidwa.

1. The digiri yapamwamba ya malleability ndi ductility. Ku zitsulo izi kubala opepuka, wamphamvu ndi woonda kwambiri zojambulazo, izo adagulung'undisa mu waya.
2. Limatsogolera mfundo - 660 ⁰ C.
3. Otentha mfundo - 2450 ⁰ C.
4. Kachulukidwe - 2,7 g / masentimita ^3.
5. Nkhope zawo zokha galasi latisi buku, zitsulo.
6. Mtundu wa kugwirizana - zitsulo.

Thupi ndi mankhwala zimatha zotayidwa chimatanthauza malo a ntchito ndi ntchito. Ngati ife kulankhula za mbali zoweta, kuti mbali yofunika kale kuonedwa ndi makhalidwe ife pamwamba. Monga opepuka, cholimba ndi odana zikuwononga zitsulo zotayidwa ntchito mu ndege shipbuilding. Choncho, katundu ali ofunika kwambiri kudziwa.

Chemical katundu wa zotayidwa

Kuyambira mankhwala maganizo, ankaona zitsulo - amphamvu kuchepetsa wothandizila chimene chingathe naonetsere ntchito yapamwamba mankhwala, monga chinthu choyera. Chinthu chachikulu - ndi kuchotsa okusayidi filimu. Pankhaniyi, ntchito kumawonjezera kwambiri.

Chemical katundu wa zotayidwa monga chinthu yosavuta anatsimikiza mtima umatha kuchita ndi:

• zidulo;
• alkalis;
• halogens;
• imvi.

Popeza Kodi samva ndi madzi m'mikhalidwe wamba. Kotero halogen popanda Kutentha okha amachitira ndi ayodini. Nkhani zina zochita chofunika kutentha.

Pali zitsanzo za zimene katundu mankhwala zotayidwa. Maikwezhoni zochita mogwirizana:

• zidulo - AL + HCL = AlCL ₃ + H _2;
• alkalis - 2Al + 6H ₂ O + 2NaOH = Na [Al ( o) _4] + 3 H _2;
  
• halogen - AL + Hal = ALHal _3;
• sulfure - 2AL + 3S = AL ₂ S _3.

Nthawi zambiri, katundu wofunika kwambiri nkhaniyo - mphamvu mkulu kuchira zinthu zina mankhwala awo.

luso regenerative

The katundu kuchepetsa aluminiyamu mosavuta kukafika anachita ndi oxides ena zitsulo. Mosavuta amachotsa iwo kwa zinthu ndipo walola kuti kulibe pamaso kumveka. Mwachitsanzo: Kr ₂ O ₃ + AL = AL ₂ O ₃ + Kr.

Makampani pali ndondomeko lonse kwa yokonza zinthu zochokera maganizo ake. Iwo dzina lake aluminothermy. Choncho, makampani mankhwala chinthu ichi ntchito zitsulo zina.

Kufalitsa m'chilengedwe

Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina zitsulo zotayidwa tithe choyamba. Lili 8,8% ya kutumphuka dziko lapansi. Ngati Tikayerekeza ndi nonmetals, malo ake ndi lachitatu, pambuyo mpweya ndi pakachitsulo.

Chifukwa mkulu reactivity zimachokeradi mu mawonekedwe woyera, koma monga mbali ya mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa kudziwika ores, mchere, miyala, zimene zikuchokera zikuphatikizapo zotayidwa. Koma iye yekha wolengedwa kuchokera bauxite, zili omwe si lalikulu kwambiri m'chilengedwe.

Zinthu ambiri okhala chitsulo mu funso:

• feldspars;
• bauxite;
• granites;
• silika;
• zotayidwa silicates;
• basalts ndi ena.

The pang'ono zotayidwa ali kwenikweni m'gulu maselo a zinthu zamoyo. Mitundu ina Moss ndi nyanja zolengedwa amatha kudziunjikira chinthu ichi mu thupi lanu moyo.

phwando

Thupi ndi mankhwala zimatha zotayidwa chololera kulandira njira imodzi yokha: ndi electrolysis kwa Sungunulani wa okusayidi chogwirizana. Komabe, njira imeneyi ndi sayansi zovuta. Limatsogolera mfundo: AL ₂ O ₃ ndi wamkulu kuposa 2000 ⁰ C. Chifukwa cha ichi, mwachindunji pansi electrolysis si analandira. Choncho chitani motere.

1. Ncho bauxite.
2. Powapatsa ku zodetsa, kusiya kokha aluminiyamu.
3. Ndiye anasungunuka cryolite.
4. Okusayidi Chinawonjezeka thereto.
5. osakaniza elekrolizuyut kupereka zotayidwa koyera ndi mpweya.

Zokolola: 99,7%. Komabe, ntchito yokonza mwinanso zotsukira zitsulo ponena zolinga luso.

ntchito

The katundu makina a zotayidwa si bwino ntchito mu maonekedwe ake angwiro. Choncho, potengera izi kasakaniza wazitsulo mankhwala Kawirikawiri ntchito. Pali ambiri, angatchedwe zofunika kwambiri.

1. Duralumin.
2. Aluminium ndi manganese.
3. Zotayidwa-magnesium.
4. Zotayidwa ndi mkuwa.
5. Silumin.
6. Avial.

Chachikulu kusiyana - zoona, ndi wothandizila lachitatu chipani. maziko onse ali chabe zotayidwa. zitsulo zinanso kupanga zinthu cholimba, dzimbiri zosagwira, kuvala kugonjetsedwa ndi ofewa mu processing.

Pali malo zikuluzikulu za ntchito zotayidwa mu mawonekedwe woyera kapena mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala ake (kasakaniza wazitsulo).

1. Kupanga waya ndi zojambulazo ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.
2. Kupanga glassware.
3. Ndege.
4. Shipbuilding.
5. Yomanga ndi zomangamanga.
6. Space makampani.
7. Kupanga mathanki.

Pamodzi ndi chitsulo ndi zotayidwa kasakaniza wazitsulo - chitsulo zofunika kwambiri. Ndi izi nthumwi ziwiri za dongosolo nthawi tapeza yaikulu mafakitale ntchito mu manja a munthu.

Katundu wa hydroxide zotayidwa

Hydroxide - pawiri ambiri imene imagwiritsidwa zotayidwa. Chemical katundu wa izo ndi zofanana ndi za zitsulo palokha - izo amphoteric. Izi zikutanthauza kuti akhoza kuchita chikhalidwe wapawiri, kuchita ndi zidulo ndi alkalis.

Palokha, zitsulo zotayidwa hydroxide - woyera gelatinous precipitate. Pezani zosavuta zotayidwa mchere mawonekedwe ndi soda kapena ammonium hydroxide. Mu zimene hydroxide ndi asidi ndi chipereka lolingana yachibadwa mchere ndi madzi. Ngati zimene atuluka ndi soda, anapanga zotayidwa hydroxo imene kugwirizana chiwerengero chake ndicho 4. Chitsanzo: Na [Al (o) _4] - sodium wochuluka tetragidroksoalyuminat.