Features wa Kapangidwe ka zimakhala Kukonza zomera. Kuchititsa minofu ya zomera: kapangidwe

Monga nyama, zomera ndi njira zosiyana zoyendera kuti ali ndi udindo yobereka zakudya ku maselo munthu ndipo zimakhala. Today tikambirana mbali ya kapangidwe ka kuchititsa minofu ya zomera.

Ndi chiyani icho?

nsalu conductive ndi anthu amene pali njira kayendedwe michere wofunikila kukula ndi chitukuko cha mbewu chamoyo. Chifukwa asayembekezere ndi linanena bungwe la zomera woyamba pa dziko. Kuyambira muzu masamba, ngati n'zosavuta ndikuganiza, limayenda m'mwamba otaya njira ya mchere ndi zakudya zina. Choncho, ndi kunsi panopa ukuyenda mwa malangizo iwowo.

zoyendera m'mwamba kumachitika mwa zotengera mu minofu nkhuni (xylem) kunsi yobereka chomwecho - ntchito sieve nyumba phloem mu kotekisi (a phloem). Ambiri, mawonekedwe kakufanana wa Xylem ziwiya nyama. Maselo elongated, mawonekedwe awo oblong akuonekera. Kodi aliyense ali mbali structural wa kuchititsa zimakhala za zomera?

Kodi n'chiyani?

Muyenera kudziwa kuti pali pulayimale ndi sekondale nsalu ya mtundu uwu. Tiyeni kuwapatsa gulu muyezo, kuyambira aone zakuthupi bwino mayamwidwe ake. Kotero, apa ndi dongosolo losavuta wa zimakhala Kukonza zomera, anapereka mu mawonekedwe tabular.

Mukhoza kumvetsa, xylem ndi phloem ndi nyama zovuta, monga chifukwa akuphatikizapo sakanikira ndipo akhoza kuchita zinthu zotsutsana chonchi lonse ntchito.

Monga mukuonera, dongosolo la zimakhala Kukonza zomera zina Kuvuta zauzimu si wosiyana. Lang'anani, nkwapafupi koposa maselo apamwamba nyama.

Xylem. zinthu conductive

Zinthu zakale za dongosolo lonse mtima ndi tracheids. Otchedwa njira yeniyeni ya maselo ndi yeniyeni, ananena malekezero. Zili kwa iwo kenako zinachitika ochiritsira nkhuni CHIKWANGWANI nsalu. Iwo ali ndithu ouma khoma makulidwe. Fomu tracheids akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri:

• O-mphete.
• Mwauzimu.
• Mu mawonekedwe a madontho.
• The spore.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kudutsa njira michere umasefedweramo pores angapo, choncho kayendedwe liwiro awo ndi otsika kwambiri. Ofunika mbali structural wa zimakhala Kukonza zomera zambiri kuiwalika.

Nthawi zina zomera kukumana amafotokozera structural?

Tracheids angapezeke mu sporophytes pafupifupi onse apamwamba. M'munsi gymnosperms ali makamaka amakhalanso mu dongosolo lawo la zinthu izi structural, ndipo ngakhale iwo ali nawo masewero zofunika kwambiri. chakuti mpanda wolimba wa tracheids, amene takambirana kale pamwambapa, aloleni kuti achite osati mwachindunji kuchititsa ntchito, komanso kuthandiza, makina dongosolo. Izi - zofunika kwambiri mbali structural wa zimakhala Kukonza zomera, amene kwambiri zimatengera.

Nthawi zambiri iwo okha limodzi thandizo dongosolo, amene amapereka thupi mphamvu zoyenera kwa mbewu. Modabwitsa, onse (!) Mu nkhuni conifers ndi kwina kwathunthu wapadera makina minofu, ndi mphamvu zoperekedwa potsatira ife tinakambirana tracheids. Kutalika kwa zinthu izi zodabwitsa conductive akhoza zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa millimeters zochepa angapo masentimita.

Ambiri, maphunziro mwa zizindikiro zimenezi structural a minofu Kukonza zomera kalasi 5 sukulu iliyonse sekondale, koma nthawi funso ziwiya yaitali zomera sakudziwabe ngakhale ophunzira a zochitachita kwachilengedwenso.

Kaperekedwe zotengera

Iwo akuyimira chinthu chosiyana kwambiri mu xylem wa angiosperms. M'maonekedwe ngati yaitali, dzenje chubu. Aliyense wa iwo aumbike mwa confluence maselo elongated pa "mbuyo olowa". The zigawo aliyense chotengera amatchedwa khungu, imene matabwa ake zinchito ofanana tracheids lapansi. Tikumbukenso Komabe, zigawo ndi onse kwambiri ndi wamfupi kusiyana iwo.

Zomwe gulu la ophunzira ayenera kudziwa zimene zinkachitika m'nthawi ya kapangidwe ka zimakhala ndi conductive zomera? kalasi 5, amene anayamba zomera ndi kapangidwe ka mbewu thupi, akhoza kale kutsogoleredwa ndi mafunso ophweka kwambiri pa nkhani imeneyi.

The ndondomeko ya chotengera mapangidwe

Kuti xylem, amene koyamba mu njira ya chitukuko zomera, otchedwa chachikulu. tsamba lake limapezeka mu mizu ndi nsonga za mphukira achinyamata. Pankhaniyi, olekanitsidwa ziwiya zigawo xylem kukula pa wapotalikira itha chingwe prokambialnyh. Chotengera yokha limapezeka pambuyo pophatikizana chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa partitions mkati. Mukhoza kuwona izi ngati inu muyang'ana pa iwo pansi pa maso kagawo: zingerengere mkati anasunga ali chimodzimodzi basi ndipo ali zotsala za makoma anawonongedwa.

Tiyeni tikumbukire zimene structural zinthu zikomo kwa minofu Kukonza zomera, ndi ena a iwo ali mu mizu ya zomera:

• Epidermal chipolopolo.
• Cora.
• Protoderma kuti zonse zikusintha zigawo atagona pamwamba.
• The apical meristem, umene uli waukulu muzu woyendera nthambi ya zomera kukula.
• Kuwononga wosakhwima zambiri nsalu amateteza muzu kapu.
• Mkati muzu pabwino bwino minofu: xylem ndi phloem.
• iwo anapanga, motero, kuchokera protofloemy ndi protoksilemy.
• Endodermis.

Protoksilema (ie, fano choyamba mu zotengera chomera) limawonekera pa pamwamba kwambiri ziwalo zonse wamng'ono ofananira. Education chikuchitika mwachindunji pansi wosanjikiza meristem, kuti kumene maselo ozungulira Mitsempha kupitiriza kukula mofulumira ndi Tambasula. Tikumbukenso kuti ngakhale okhwima ziwiya protoksilemy sanataye luso lawo kutambasula, chifukwa malinga awo sanayambe akukonza woodiness.

Childs, minofu conductive zomera maluwa chisindikizo ngati poyera oyambirira zokwanira, chifukwa tsinde ali wofunikila kukhalabe duwa mokwanira chachikulu ndi osatetezeka.

Kumbukirani kuti ndi udindo ndondomeko solidification? Lignin. Ndipo chimodzimodzi basi uyikidwa mu mpanda wa "akusowekapo" zotengera kapena mwauzimu kapena malangizo annular. Zimenezi sikusokoneza zigawo zake chotengera kutambasula. Pa nthawi yomweyo, lignin amapereka mphamvu ndithu wamakhalidwe ziwiya achinyamata chomera, amene kumathandiza chiwonongeko ndi kanthu makina.

Ndicho chifukwa chake ndi chofunika ndi kuchititsa minofu ya zomera. Chithunzi, komwe kamapezeka pa masamba a m'nkhaniyi kungatithandize kuti kumvetsa bwino nkhani imeneyi, momveka bwino zikusonyeza Gawo la nsalu anati.

Education metaxylem

Mu ndondomeko ya kukula, ziwiya watsopano, amene pansi ndondomeko kale kwambiri woodiness. Pamene mapeto a dongosolo lomenyera zawo m'madera a okhwima zomera, ndi kakulidwe udzatha metaxylem. Kodi tikambirana sekondale zamoyo, dongosolo la zimakhala Kukonza zomera? Maphunziro 5 akatswiri malire ndi chakuti chomera minofu kulibe zipangizo. liwunikidwenso ali m'gulu pulogalamu kuphunzitsa ophunzira achikulire.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, ziwiya woyamba kupangidwa kwa Tambasula protoksilemy poyamba, ndiyeno inawonongedwa. Okhwima chomwecho structural formations kuti anatuluka metaxylem kuti anatambasula ndi kukula simungathe mfundo. Ndipotu, ndi akufa, ndi okhwima ndi dzenje machubu.

N'zosavuta kuganizira kuthekera zamoyo otaya ndondomeko umenewu. Ngati zotengera nthawi yomweyo, adzakhala kwambiri angaletsedwe mapangidwe zimakhala ozungulira. Ngati tracheids, mtima khoma thickening zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awa (malingana ndi maonekedwe awo):

• Annular.
• Mwauzimu.
• Makwerero mawonekedwe.
• Thumba.
• Porous.

Ife kuweruza chakuti yaitali ndi dzenje machubu a xylem amene ali wokwanira mawotchi mphamvu - yabwino dongosolo kwa yobereka madzi ndi mchere salt zothetsera pa mtunda wautali. ikuyenda mu cavities awo zosatheka amavutika ndi imfa madzi ndi pafupifupi palibe zakudya. ena mbali zina za dongosolo la zimakhala Kukonza zomera chiyani? Biology (6 kalasi pakati sukulu) komanso kuganizira mwagwirizana conductance Xylem makoma. Tiyeni tione.

Kukhala ofanana pankhani imeneyi kuti tracheids, xylem kuloleza otaya madzi mwa pores mu mpanda. Popeza zambiri lignin, ali mkulu mawotchi mphamvu, ndi Choncho musadzitame deform Komanso, pafupifupi palibe chiopsezo kuswa pansi mavuto madzimadzi mankhwala. Komabe, ife kale analankhula za kufunika chapamwamba cha zinthu zapadera xylitol, zikomo umene nkhuni mitundu mtengo ambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu yapamwamba ndi elasticity.

Ndi amphamvu ndi imodzi zotanuka xylem ngongole mphamvu zombo zawo zakale. Wosawoneka koma amphamvu conductive minofu ya zomera kupereka kukana mkulu wa masts yaitali paini, omwe kawirikawiri anathyola ngakhale mu mikuntho kwambiri.

Conductive dongosolo phloem

Taonani nkhani conductive, akupezekera mu zimakhala phloem.

Choyamba, sefa dongosolo. Zofunika anakhumudwitsa procambium isanafalikire mu phloem chachikulu. Onani kuti ndi kukula kwa minofu ozungulira protofloema msanga anatambasula, ndipo anamwalira nyumba yake ndi kwathunthu zimaleka kugwira ntchito. Metafloema anamaliza kusasitsa pambuyo (!) Za mmene mbewu kukula ikutha.

zina

Kotero kodi aliyense ayenera kudziwa maonekedwe a Kapangidwe ka zimakhala Kukonza zomera? Kalasi 7 sekondale sukulu tiziphunzira, kuwonjezera pa pamwamba, komanso makhalidwe onse a nyumba sieve komanso anzawo-maselo. Tiyeni kulemba nkhani tsatanetsatane pang'ono.

Makamaka dongosolo khalidwe ndi zigawo sieve nyumba. Choyamba, iwo ndi woonda kwambiri maselo makoma, monga zambiri mapadi ndi pectin. Mwanjira imeneyi ndi zikufanana kwambiri maselo parenchyma. Zofunika! Mosiyana ndi yamasika, pa kusasitsa ya maselo amenewa kufa kwathunthu phata ndi cytoplasm "wabwerera" amachokera wosanjikiza woonda mbali lamkati la selo nembanemba. Oddly zokwanira, koma akhalebe ndi moyo, koma pa nthawi yomweyo malingana ndi selo anzawo (monga pakati manyuroni ndi astrocytes mu ubongo wa nyama).

Kumene, zinkachitika m'nthawi ya kapangidwe ka zimakhala ndi conductive zomera kalasi 6 kawirikawiri suona, koma zothandiza kudziwa. Osachepera pofuna kufotokozera akamanena za njira kunachitika thupi mbewu.

The sieve-machubu ndi maselo mnzake

Apitirizebe Zigawo sieve dongosolo anapanga integrally, pokhala umafananirako. Companion selo ndi wapadera cytoplasm ake iye wake wakuda kwambiri, lili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha mitochondria ndi ribosomes. Inu mukhoza ndikuganiza kuti kupereka mphamvu osati wa "bwenzi", komanso gawo sieve. Ngati khungu ndi kachipangizo pazifukwa zina akafa, amafa ndi dongosolo lonse, amene amagwirizana ndi izo.

Sami sieve machubu mosavuta kusiyana ndi zikuchokera awo zikupezeka mbale sieve. Ngakhale pamene ntchito ofooka kuwala maikulosikopu iwo akhoza mophweka. Pali mu malo anapanga zitsulo olowa malekezero a zigawo ziwiri. M'pake kuti maumboni awa ali chimodzimodzi njira ya kukula kwa ambiri a zigawo izi.

Mitundu ya mitolo mtima

Kodi pali zina structural wa zimakhala Kukonza zomera? Akatswiri ndikukhulupirira iwo ali mbali zina za kapangidwe ka mitolo mtima, zomwe ife mwachidule kufotokoza.

anati nyumba angapezeke mu pali mbewu apamwamba. Iwo ndiwo mtundu wa zingwe, zomwe zili mu mizu, zanthete, ndi mbali zina, amene nthawi zonse kukula. Kapangidwe ka mitolo zikuphatikizapo zipangizo afotokozedwa kale thandizo zinthu kale makina. Lililonse limakhala structural imakhala ndi mbali ziwiri:

• Wood Division. Amakhala stiffness mtima ndi ulusi.
• Bast malo. Amakhala dongosolo sieve ndi ulusi bast.

Nthawi zambiri matabwa anapanga padziko wosanjikiza zodzitetezera chomwe maselo amoyo kapena parenchymal akufa. Komanso, mu dongosolo lawo, iwo anawagawa mitundu iwiri:

• Full - muli xylem ndi phloem.
• Zosatha - mu dongosolo lawo kumaphatikizapo umodzi wokha wa zimakhala izi.

Gulu la mitolo mtima wa Loti

Panopa zachilendo ndi muyezo gulu la maere kuti ukugawa mtima mitolo mu mitundu zotsatirazi:

• Chatsekedwa, ina mtundu.
• Chatsekedwa, bikollateralnoy mitundu.
• Concentric mtundu - linali kunja xylem lapansi.
• A kusintha kwa maganizo yapita, imene xylem - mkati.
• Zozungulira milimo.

Ambiri, ndi pafupifupi zambiri muyenera kudziwa mu kuphunzira kwa zomera conductive nsalu mu maphunziro kusukulu.