Engineering nthaka. Geological kafukufuku wa zomangamanga

Nthaka - nzeru za dziko lapansi. Ndi lonse zovuta za khalidwe sayansi ndi mafakitale zokhudzana kuphunzira kutumphuka padziko lapansi ndi malo ake zakuya. Zolinga nthaka kuganizira makamaka pa zokhudza malamulo a mapangidwe ndi malo a MPI (mchere madipoziti). Ambiri a nkhani yeniyeni analankhula mu nthaka ano, amanena kuti akuya pafupifupi 10-15 Km, amene amayambitsidwa ndi kuya miyala ya odulidwa m'minda ya kungomanga wakale ndi mlingo panopa mphamvu luso ndi kupanga kufufuza mchere.

Zikhulupiriro General

Engineering nthaka ndi sayansi ndi luso nthambi ya nthaka kuti amaphunzira makhalidwe ndi dongosolo la zimachitika pakati pa chilengedwe Geological ndi nyumba zomangamanga. Chinthu nthaka ndi zigawo chapamwamba ndipo M'maso kutumphuka zinthu miyala mapangidwe awo ndi mafunsidwe, morphological, mphamvu ndi makhalidwe zazikulu chifukwa cha zomangamanga ndi ntchito zachuma munthu.

Pamodzi ndi ntchito yapadera kwambiri, Engineering nthaka zikuphatikizapo kuphunzira Geological malamulo, zikuchokera ndi katundu dothi, zinthu hydrogeological, zowononga njira Geological ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana zina. Choncho nthaka zapansi monga kuti kudziwa zina waukulu angapo amalanga pafupi nthaka, kuphatikizapo nthaka ambiri, mineralogy, geomorphology, hydrogeology, petrography, tectonics, asayansi ndi ena.

Zolinga

Engineering ndi miyala Kafukufuku Cholinga chake zogwiritsa ntchito ziyenera Integrated ndi mabuku zinthu miyala chifukwa cha zochita za anthu pa ntchito yomanga ndi dera zachuma, molumikizana ndi zachirengedwe njira miyala.

Waukulu zomangamanga nthaka mavuto yokhudza kuphunzira zinthu Geological ndi tectonic, geomorphological, zivomerezi ndi technogenic, akupanga chitukuko cha zomangamanga-Geological zophunzirira, zomwenso kwenikweni poyambirira pa ntchito yomanga maofesi ndi udindo wa ntchito zomangamanga. Izi boma ndi mafakitale ndi nyumba, misewu, njanji, madamu, milatho, ndege, subways, ntchito mobisa, zofunikira mobisa, ndi zinthu zina zambiri.

Choncho, kukonza nthaka lakonzedwa kupereka okonza, omanga ndi ntchito utumiki maofesi a malonda deta zonse zofunikira kwa kapangidwe ndi kumanga, komanso kuchita zinthu zokhudza ntchito yawo.

Yachokera pa zotsatira za kafukufuku Geological kulemba lipoti pa kuthekera chachikulu pomanga nyumba kapena nyumba ndi kudziwa malo yabwino kwambiri Kusinthaku awo. Report pazikhalanso ayamikira pa njira yochezera kupanga ntchito, maganizo chifukwa chopanga mawu a kudalirika kwawo pazipita ndi zodzitetezera pofuna kuthana ndi zotheka zoipa njira miyala kuti mwina pa ngozi nyumba kapena dongosolo.

zigawo zikuluzikulu za ukachenjede nthaka

Monga mbali ya sayansi ya nthaka, zomangamanga nthaka, nayenso, zikuphatikizapo angapo kudziletsa, limene waukulu amaonedwa geodynamics zomangamanga, Nthaka ndi dera zomangamanga nthaka.

Nthaka, monga dzina lake likunenera, ndi sayansi nthambi nthaka, amene ali ndi udindo kwa kapangidwe, zikuchokera ndi katundu dothi, malamulo mapangidwe awo ndi kudzikundikira komanso peculiarities wa masiyanidwe okhudza malo ndi wathupi chifukwa cha zomangamanga zomangamanga ndi ntchito chuma anthu.

Chinthu Engineering Geodynamics ndi osiyanasiyana njira lero nthaka yoyipa kwambiri pa zinthu yomanga ndi zoyendetsera ntchitoyi malonda kukula kulikonse. Mwa njira ngati zimenezi monga zivomezi, kugumuka zosiyanasiyana chiyambi, posambira, subsidence ming'alu ndi ena. Kuwonjezera pa maphunziro ndi Zoneneratu, iwo onse kupanga kofunika kukhala miyeso zoteteza ndi chitetezo, amene amanena za mavuto a geodynamics zomangamanga.

Regional zomangamanga nthaka, komanso ena Geological zomangamanga, kuphunzira mbali ndi malamulo a chitukuko cha zigawo ulemu wa kutumphuka dziko lapansi, kupanga otchedwa lithosphere chifukwa cha zomangamanga panopa ndipo anakonza ndi malonda ndi zomangamanga ntchito wachibadwidwe wa munthu. Koma nkhani ya nthaka zigawo ndi mwa tanthauzo zinthu Geological pamlingo dera.

Physico-mawotchi katundu wa miyala ndi dothi

Kuchita kapangidwe ndi kuphunzira ntchito yomanga katundu physico-makina a miyala ndi nthaka ndi yofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha mawerengedwe a mphamvu, kudalirika ndi durability wa m'munsi mwa malo chimadalira pa zosankha mfundo zokhudzana ndi kusankha kapangidwe nyumba, kukula, mtundu ndi mtima buku yomanga ndi ntchito okhudzidwa. Mu nkhani imeneyi, thupi ndi makina zimatha miyala ndi dothi kwenikweni kusanthula pamisinkhu onse a zomangamanga ndi kafukufuku miyala.

Pakuti magawo zathupi makina a miyala ndi dothi monga makhalidwe zotsatirazi: granulometry, plasticity, tinthu osalimba, chinyezi wokhutira, chochuluka kachulukidwe, mphamvu kukameta ubweya, kwamakokedwe mphamvu uniaxial psinjika, ngodya ya wogoneka, petrographic zikuchokera, subsidence wa kutupa ndi shrinkage, modulus wa elasticity, koyefishienti nthaka kukana, modulus, suffusion leaching, chiŵerengero Poisson a, zili mchere, fyuluta koyefishienti, madzi mayamwidwe, madzi machulukitsidwe, ndi chiwerengero cha magawo zina.

Kuona katundu geotechnical a miyala ndi dothi mosasintha umabweretsa zinthu kuphunzira ndi mankhwala zikuchokera, komanso mbali structural ndi textural.

Kapangidwe ndi staging wa maphunziro geotechnical

Engineering ndi miyala Kafukufuku zonse monga reconnaissance ntchito, kukonza-Geological Survey, Engineering-Geological Survey, detalizatsionnye ntchito pa ntchito yomanga ndi kafukufuku komaliza kwa kutha.

Reconnaissance ndi ziyenera mabuku a chidziwitso Geological ndi geophysical kudziwa kuthekera ntchito zina, mwatsatanetsatane. Ngati uko kumene anakonza miyala zomangamanga, nthaka, m'dera wakhala bwino kuphunzira, ntchito angayambe yomweyo kuchita zomangamanga ndi Geological Survey.

Kuwombera imagwiridwa kuphunzira geomorphological ndi hydrogeological zizindikiro katundu geotechnical a miyala ndi dothi, umboni wa njira yogwira Geological ndi ziyenera wonse wa zinthu Geological m'dera la kutiganizitsa ntchito yomanga.

Malinga ndi zotsatira za kufufuza wapangidwa Ziwerengero kapangidwe ndi zolembedwa zambiri.

Nkhani za ukachenjede mafakitale ndi maphunziro Geological

Chitsanzo zovuta zomangamanga ndi kafukufuku miyala, monga ulamuliro, zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi mitundu ya ntchito :

• Kuyambirira zasayansi processing zakuthupi anasonkhana;
• Kuphunzira zithunzi mlengalenga;
• njira phunziro;
• geophysical Kafukufuku;
• ntchito yayendera, kuphatikizapo kukumba zitsime;
• mayesero a miyala ndi dothi m'munda;
• hydrogeological polojekiti;
• N'kupuma maphunziro;
• zasayansi ntchito;
• matenda a yomanga nyumba ndi nyumba;
• wathunthu zasayansi processing zipangizo anasonkhana;
• ya kulemba lipoti lotsiriza ndi ulaliki likutipatsa zipangizo, malangizo ndi malingaliro.

Zotsatira Final wa kafukufuku Geological zomangamanga

Polongosola mwachidule nkhaniyo, mungafune kuti atchule zotsatira zenizeni ndi bwino maphunziro geotechnical.

Choncho, malinga ndi kuika deta ya zomangamanga ndi miyala ntchito ikuchitika ndipo anapereka akuti magawo zotsatirazi:

• kukhazikika thanthwe monga maziko zomangamanga ndi mapindikidwe, imbaenda ku "protrusion" kuchokera ku maziko;
• macheka ndi digiri ya psinjika ndi nthawi nthaka patsinde pa nyumba;
• mtendere wa miyala ndi nthaka otsetsereka akuphwanya, maenje zomangamanga, mphepete mwa msewu, embankments, dikes, ngalande zina zamkati yokumba;
• kukhazikika nyumba hayidiroliki (mwachitsanzo madamu) kukameta mapindikidwe pansi mavuto Madamu madzi;
• kuneneratu gombe pambuyo madamu;
• zapansi bata ndi nyumba pa kuwuka kwa pansi;
• zopezera zomangamanga ndi zofunikira nyumba anamangidwira pa Madzi oundana m'madera zivomerezi chiopsezo, m'madera a cavities karst, kugumuka, zigumukire ndi masoka ena achilengedwe.

zikalata zolimbana

Geotechnical kupanga amagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi zofunika luso anauyamba mndandanda (m'chipinda chotetezeka) kafukufuku malamulo kupanga kuthandiza kapangidwe ka zinthu kukonzekera isanayambe zomangamanga, komanso kuti zofufuza kupitirirabe ikuchitika pomanga ndi ntchito mpaka kuwachotsa.

Amalembedwa mndandanda wa malangizo zolimbana kwa kupanga zomangamanga-Geological ntchito kafukufuku zikuphatikizapo angapo zizindikiro nyumba ndi malamulo (SNIP), lomwe zonse kuphedwa kwa ntchito m'njira zotchulidwa malamulo boma ndi malamulo.