Distemper ku Russia

Distemper mu Russia - nthawi ya zaka 1598-1613, pamene boma akukumana ndi mavuto a ndale ndi umoyo ndi zachuma. Chitata kuwukira, ndi Livonia nkhondo oprichnina Ivan m'khutu zinachititsa kuti destabilization ndipo anathandizapo kukula kwa mphamvu wosakhutira.

Soloviev ankakhulupirira kuti chinthu chachikulu chomwe Mavuto anali zipolowe za druzhina akale anayamba ndi boma latsopano, monga mmene anafotokozera mu kulimba kwa mafumu ndi anthu otchuka. N. Kostomarov ankaona chifukwa cha Time ya Mavuto machenjerero a mfumu Polish ndi Papa. B. Klyuchevskii anaona mizu ya vuto mu peculiarities wa chitukuko cha boma Russian: kuti mphamvu wamkulu anali achilendo anomaly - mfumu ya phindu si wolamulira, komanso mwini m'dziko Russian. Olemba mbiri ena aona chifukwa cha Mavuto yokha ulamuliro wa Ivan m'khutu, zopanda chilungamo mkati mfundo zake, zomwe zinachititsa kuti gulu la anthu m'magulu pomenyera dziko.

masiteji Mavuto

Gawo loyamba anali yodziwika ndi yolimbirana wachifumu wa ofuna zosiyanasiyana. Woyamba pambuyo pa imfa Ivana Groznogo anakwera wachifumu wa mwana wake Theodore, amene sangathe lolamulira dziko, ndipo makamaka kunditumiza ku mkazi wa m'bale wake - Boris Godunov. tsartsvovanie wake limodzi ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri kwa dziko. Board "wonyenga" chifukwa chiwawa kusakhutira anthu.

Distemper mu Russia kwenikweni limayamba ndi maonekedwe ku Poland Falsdmitry (Grigoriy Otrepev), yemwe ananena yekha wotsalayo mwana wa Ivana Groznogo. Gawo la anthu Russian yomweyo anathandiza izo, ndiye iye lakwaniritsa kuthandiza kazembe ndi lonse la Moscow. Mu 1605, anakhala mfumu yoyenerera, koma kusadalira kwambiri zinamuipira boyars ndiponso thandizo lotseguka serfdom momutsutsa iye ndi anthu wamba. Mulole 17, 1606 Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry Ine anaphedwa ndi m'malo ndi Vasiliy Shuysky phunziro kwa malire a mphamvu yake.

The nthawi yachiwiri ya Mavuto anayamba ndi kugalukira otchuka Ivan Bolotnikov, zomwe anauzidwa ndi maulamuliro. Nkhondo ya Moscow, Bolotnikov anagonjetsedwa. Koma otchuka kusakhutira sanasiye. Against maziko awa, pali Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II. Kumayambiriro a 1608, asilikali ake anapita Moscow. Mu July, iye anakakhala Tushino wakunja kwatawuni, kulengeza likulu lake woona wa Russia.

Shuya poyankha izo wapangana mgwirizano ndi Sweden ndi Commonwealth, amene anayamba kuchita ndewu ndi anathawira ku Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II Kaluga. Shuya unachotsedwa ku mpando wachifumu ndi tonsured monga Wansembe.

Mu Russia, nthawi Semiboyarshina - interregnum, boma anatembenuka bungwe la boyars zisanu ndi ziwiri. Iwo anapanga pangano ndi ankhondowo Polish, ndipo mu 1610 Moscow analumbira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa mfumu Polish. Kumapeto kwa chaka anaphedwa ndi Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II, koma nkhondo mpando wachifumuwo sanaime.

Mavuto Russia analowa mu nthawi yachitatu, yomwe inali yodziwika ndi kulimbana ankhondowo kunja. dziko Russian agumanikana kuti nkhondo Zitsulo, amene anagula chikhalidwe cha dziko. Ankhondo Kuzma Minin ndi wotchedwa Dmitry Pozharsky anabwera Moscow mu August 1612 ndi anamasulidwa ake. Zimenezi zinatanthauza kuti chisokonezo Russia kwa zaka za m'ma 17 inatha.

Zemsky Sobor February 21, 1613 woyenera kukhala mfumu wasankha wamng'ono Mikhail Romanov. Izi anali yoyamba mndandanda wa zinthu zikuluzikulu, monga ntchito yochotsa asilikali Moscow anthu, ndi convening wa Zemsky Sobor ndi Pozharsky ntchito malamulo chisankho cha mwayekha lapansi.

Nthawi ya Mavuto ndi zotsatira zake

Dziko Mavuto anachoka ndi chuma anaphedwa, amene anadza ku kuchepa kwa malonda ndi ntchito zamanja. Zotsatira za Mavuto anakana Russia mu chitukuko m'mbuyo poyerekeza ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya. Pofuna kubwezeretsa chuma, panapita zaka zingapo.

Distemper mu Russia wakhala inasintha kwa nthawi dziko. Dzina zolakwa awiri amene anali achilendo kwa boma la Russia. pretensions Mismatch wa otchuka (omwe ankafuna kuchepetsa mphamvu za mfumu) chikhalidwe cha mphamvu wapamwamba, ndi anthu pa iye (amene ankafuna kuti awone mphamvu ya mtheradi). Ukutionetsera yogawa ndi m'goli maudindo pakati pa magulu, zimene zinabweretsa zinthu zonse pawekha boma wovulalayo.

Zonse sanazengereze kuti apereke lingaliro la dynastic ndi pano kulimbana umoyo ndale magulu m'munsi ndi chapamwamba. Koma uyu sanali kuyambitsa azingokhala anthu, ndi achilendo kuwukira linachititsa misinkhu yonse ya kukhala ogwirizana dziko.