Daily kutentha Jupiter

Jupiter - mmodzi wa maplaneti asanu a dongosolo dzuwa, amene angathe kuona nyenyezi popanda zida aliyense kuwala. Komabe palibe lingaliro la kukula kwake, ndi zakuthambo wakale akuganiza kuti dzina la Umulungu Wopambana Roma.

Kukumana Jupiter!

Kanjira wa Jupiter ku Sun miliyoni 778 Km. Chaka pali kumatenga 11,86 Earth zaka. Complete kasinthasintha padziko nguli amachita dziko maola 9 okha ndi mphindi 55, ndipo pa M'madera a zitunda osiyana kasinthasintha liwiro zimasiyanasiyana, ndipo pafupifupi perpendicular kwa kanjira ndege ya olamulira a, umene kusintha nyengo sanalembedwepo.

Jupiter pamwamba kutentha - 133 madigiri centigrade (140 K). Utali wozungulira kuposa 11, ndi misa nthawi 317 wamkulu kuposa utali wozungulira ndi unyinji wa dziko. Kachulukidwe (1.3 g / masentimita ³⁾ mwachinsinsi ndi dzuwa ndi osalimba ndi kwambiri zosakwana osalimba a dziko lapansi. Yokoka Jupiter nthawi 2,54, pamene maginito nthawi 12 kuposa magawo womwewo wa dziko lapansi. kutentha masana pa Jupiter si losiyana kwa usiku. Ichi ndi chifukwa mtunda lalikulu Dzuwa ndi njira zamphamvu kunachitika matumbo a dziko.

Nthawi ya maphunziro kuwala kwa dziko wachisanu anapeza mu 1610 ndi Galileo. Zinali iye amene azindikira kwambiri chachikulu ndi anayi makina a Jupiter. Today timadziwa 67 zakuthambo, mamembala a dongosolo mapulaneti chiphona.

kafukufuku History

Mpaka 1970, ndipo dziko kuphunzira ndi nthaka, ndiyeno chuma yozungulira mu kuwala ndi wailesi - ndi Popanga madzi a gamma ranges. kutentha Jupiter anali woyamba anayeza mu 1923 ndi gulu la asayansi ku Louelovskoy Observatory (Flagstaff, United States). Ntchito zingalowe thermocouple, akatswiri anapeza kuti dzikoli ndi "motsimikizika thupi ozizira." kuzipenya Photoelectric kuphimba Jupiter, nyenyezi ndi spectroscopic kusanthula zinachititsa kuti nkhani zikuchokera mpweya wake.

flights wotsatira interplanetary spacecraft woyengedwa ndi kwambiri anawonjezera mfundo anasonkhanitsa. mishoni opanda "Mpainiya 10; 11" mu 1973-1974. dziko loyamba anasamutsa zithunzi pa osiyanasiyana pafupi (34 zikwi makilomita.), deta za kapangidwe ka m'mlengalenga, ndi maginito cheza lamba. Magalimoto "Voyager" (1979), "Ulysses" (1992, 2000). "Cassini" (2000) ndi "New M'maso" (2007) anapanga miyezo bwino za magawo Jupiter ndi dongosolo lawo la mapulaneti, ndipo "Galileo" (1995-2003 gg.) ndipo "Juno" (2016) chibatizidwireni chimphona makina yokumba.

kapangidwe Internal

mapulaneti pachimake pafupifupi 20 chikwi. makilomita awiri, wopangidwa mwa zochepa a miyala ndi zitsulo wa hydrogen ndi pressurized kuti atmospheres miliyoni 30-100. Jupiter kutentha zone izi ndi pafupifupi 30000? C. Zokhala Kunenepa - 3 mpaka 15% ya misa okwana dziko. Kutentha m'badwo maziko a Jupiter anafotokoza chifukwa limagwirira Kelvin - Helmholtz. Akamanena za chodabwitsa lagona pa choona kuti kuzirala mwadzidzidzi chipolopolo akunja (pamwamba kutentha ndi -140˚S Jupiter) kuthamanga dontho zimachitika, kuchititsa psinjika thupi ndi wotsatira Kutentha wa pakati.

A zina wosanjikiza akuya 30 okwana 50. Km, ndi thunthu la zitsulo ndi wa hydrogen madzi ku chodetsa cha helium. Ndi kuchotsa kuthamanga pakati mderali yafupika atmospheres 2 miliyoni, Jupiter kutentha gwa 6000? C.

Kapangidwe mlengalenga. Zigawo ndi zikuchokera

A malire pakati padziko lapansili ndi mlengalenga kulibe. Pa wosanjikiza ake m'munsi - troposphere - asayansi ayamba ochiritsira dera limene zoipazi limafanana ndi dziko lapansi. zigawo Komanso, mtunda kuchokera "pamwamba", zili motere:

• The stratosphere (mpaka 320 km).
• The thermosphere (mpaka 1000 km).
• Exosphere.

Pa funso la chimene kutentha pa Jupiter, yankho wopezeka kulibe. Mu chikhalidwe cha loyenda njira yovuta convection chifukwa cha kutentha mkati mwa dziko. Ananena chimbale ali ndi kutchulidwa milozo dongosolo. The woyera magulu (mabacteria) misa mpweya adzauka oposa mu mdima (malamba) - kugwa downwards, kupanga zingwe zopota convective. Mu zigawo chapamwamba Thermosphere kutentha ukufika 1000? C, ndi patsogolo mu kuya ndipo amayamba kuthamanga pang'onopang'ono ikagwa makhalidwe oipa. Ndi kukwaniritsa troposphere ya Jupiter kutentha akuyamba kachiwiri.

Chapamwamba zigawo za m'mlengalenga ndi osakaniza a haidrojini (90%) ndi helium. The zikuchokera pansi, kumene waukulu mtambo mapangidwe mulinso methane, amoniya, sulphate ammonium ndi madzi. kusanthula kawalidwe limasonyeza kukhalapo kwa kuda ethane, propane ndi acetylene, cyanide hydrogen ndi carbon monoxide, mankhwala sulfure ndi phosphorous.

mtambo tiers

A zosiyanasiyana mitundu Jovian mtambo akusonyeza pamaso pa zikuchokera awo mankhwala zovuta mankhwala. Kapangidwe mtambo mosavuta anawona tiers zitatu:

• Upper - zimalimbikitsa timibulu oledenevshego ammonia.
• Ndende avareji hydrosulfide ammonium kwambiri.
• Pansi - madzi oundana ndipo mwina laling'ono m'malovu madzi.

Ena chitsanzo mumlengalenga mwakuchita Asayansi ndi ochita kafukufuku musati kukusalani pamaso pa mtambo wina gawo lopangidwa la ammonia madzi. Ultraviolet kutentha kwa dzuwa ndi Jupiter wamphamvu kuthekera mphamvu ndi imene otaya ambiri mankhwala zako ndi thupi mu chikhalidwe cha dziko.

zochitika mumlengalenga

mabacteria Border sayenera pa Jupiter yodziwika ndi mphepo yamphamvu (mpaka 200 m / gawo). Kuchokera equator kwa mizati nthawi alternating malangizo otaya. Liwiro mphepo amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezeka ufulu ndi mtengo pafupifupi kwina. The lonse la zochitika mumlengalenga pa dziko (mikuntho, mphezi, Aurora) dongosolo la ukulu opambana lapansi. Mumadziwika Great Red malo kanthu kena ngati namondwe chimphona, kupyoza kukula kwa mbale awiri apadziko m'dera. Mpala ndi yobwerera pang'onopang'ono uku ndi uku. Kwa zaka zana a kuzipenya wa kukula kwake akuoneka halved.

yopha za "Voyager" unakhazikitsidwa, kuti malo mmene kanyamaka formations m'mlengalenga zadzadza ndi kunachita mphezi, liniya miyeso woposa makilomita zikwi.

Kodi pali moyo pa Jupiter?

Funso ambiri adzachititsa chisokonezo. Jupiter - dzikoli, pamwamba kutentha zomwe (komanso kuli pamwamba) ndi osokoneza - silingakhale ndi "chopunthira cha maganizo." Koma kuli zinthu kwachilengedwenso mu chikhalidwe cha chimphona mu 70 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, asayansi salamulidwa kunja. Popeza kuti vuto la kuthamanga chapamwamba ndi kutentha ali kwambiri nyengo maonekedwe ndi zochita mankhwala yokhudza amoniya kapena chimasanduka. Katswiri Carl Sagan ndi Katswiri E. Salpeter (USA), motsogozedwa ndi malamulo ndi mankhwala, anapanga kopanda molimba mtima mitundu ya moyo, kuli amene si akuchotsedwa mu zinthu izi:

• Sinker - tizilombo kuti akhoza kuchulukitsa mofulumira ndi lalikulu zedi, kulola anthu kupulumuka mu kagwiridwe wa otaya convective.
• Floaters - mbalame chimphona monga balloons. Kutulutsa helium lolemera, asanduke zigawo chapamwamba.

Lang'anani, kapena "Galileo" kapena "Juno" kanthu za mtundu anapezeka.