Mapepala a mtengo umene zikhale

Paper chimadyedwa ndi anthu lalikulu zedi. Per munthu ali makilogalamu zana ndi makumi asanu pa chaka. Kuchokera pa zimene ndi momwe kuti pepala, kuwerenga nkhaniyi.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Kalekale, mu 105 BC, Moredekai Lun - Imperial nzika za China, anapanga pepala mtengo mabulosi. Iye anapanga osakaniza a matabwa, hemp, nsanza, phulusa ndi anawonjezera zonse anaika pa zenera kuti ziume. Ndiye zouma misa wopukutidwa mwala.

Ine tipeze mapepala kuchokera kuthabwa, ndipo mdindoyo Chinese anauzidwa Lun anali mlembi woyamba wa luso lake. Kotero kunena Chinese. Koma anthu ali ndi maganizo osiyana asayansi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ofukula amapezeka nyenyeswa pepala China, omwe pachibwenzi nthawi kale.

zipangizo

Paper yopangidwa kuchokera ku matabwa zamkati ndi ulusi zina za chiyambi masamba: mzimbe, mpunga udzu, chamba, ndiponso kuchokera chiguduli zinyalala, pepala zinyalala ndi zinthu zina. Ntchito nkhuni zamkati mitengo yosiyanasiyana. zamkati Wood angathe kukonzekera m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Amaona kuti kwambiri ndalama makina njira. The ogwira kupala matabwa matabwa Kadulidwa, likukhalira mwana. Ndi wothira madzi. Paper ku zamkati amapangidwa m'njira imeneyi, zosalimba, kutulutsa manyuzipepala therefrom. Mkulu khalidwe pepala ali mapadi kuti analandira ntchito njira mankhwala a. Kuti tichite zimenezi, matabwa kusema tchipisi yaing'ono. Lake zosankhidwa ndi kukula. Ndiye kumizidwa mu njira ndi mankhwala yophika mu makina wapadera. Atatha kuchita izi osasankhidwa ndi kuchapa umene zosafunika owonjezera achotsedwa. Monga likukhalira pepala chuma wotchedwa zamkati nkhuni. Kuyambira amabala pepala magazini, mabuku, timabuku, kuzimata zipangizo mkulu mphamvu.

Paper anapangidwa kuchokera utuchi ndi manja ake

Utuchi kuchokera paini kapena spruce ndizodzazidwa ndi madzi ndi kuphika ndendende tsiku. madzi anawaonjezera koloko caustic. Posowa zimenezi, mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito soda. Pambuyo kuphika, ndi osakaniza anali osambitsidwa ndi madzi ndi wrung kunja. Pamenepo, utuchi anazitsanulira mwa mtsuko ndi madzi ndi kuvala moto. Kamodzi chithupsa, zimathera pa kutentha, wokhutira wasweka ndi chosakanizira a. Likukhalira pulpy misa yunifolomu kugwirizana.

Ngakhale tchipisi ndi kuphika, anapanga chimango aikidwa pa mphasa, ndi anatambasula gauze. Yophika misa udzathiridwa kumtunda chimango ndi kugawana uniformly pa nkhope yonse. madzi owonjezera adzakhala kukhetsa mu sump lapansi. Koma kuchotsa mofulumira chinyezi ayenera promakivat nsalu absorbent. Ndiye chimango ndi mozondoka ndi pepala kuwapeza kulemera, mosavuta anapambulwa therefrom.

Mapepala ayenera kuphimba mbali zonse za pepala kapena nyuzipepala ndi pakati pa magulu pamwamba Finyani china chake cholemera. Anakumana ndi mavuto, ikufunika kwa mphindi zisanu. Kenako, pepala ndi mwaukhondo anaika pa zojambulazo ndi zouma mu dzuwa, mu uvuni, kutseka batire.

kapangidwe

Paper amapangidwa kuchokera zamkati nkhuni ofotokoza, pogwiritsa ntchito njira makina yopanga. Nthawi zina chifukwa cha zipangizo anachokera. pepala ili likhoza kupangidwa ngakhale panyumba. Koma adzakhala zabwino kwenikweni.

Masiku ano zamkati zakonzedwa ndi mankhwala njira pogwiritsa ntchito njira. Mapepala apamwamba mu kapangidwe kake ayenera popanga mfundo zotsatirazi:

• Sizing hydrophobic, amene kumathandiza kufalitsa inki pa pepala. Iwo satchula kupyolera kumbali n'zosiyana la chipepalacho. Monga ntchito zomatira rosin sizing.
• Zomatira utomoni kapena wowuma. Ndiyamika izi pepala zinthu kuchokera kuthabwa ndi cholimba kwambiri ndi kugonjetsedwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana pa izo.
• Kaolin wa, talc kapena choko kupanga pepala zochepa chimaonekera ndipo kuonjezera kachulukidwe ake.

mitundu ya mitengo

N'zovuta ndi zofewa. Mtundu woyamba wa matabwa analandira kuchokera mitengo softwood: paini, Oil, spruce, Redwood, ndi hemlock. Softwood kuwapeza mitengo ikuluikulu-Ndalankhula: mumamera mapulo, popula, birch ndi thundu. M'madera otentha - teak, ananyamula ndi wakuda.

Paper ku matabwa a mitundu awa wofunika kwambiri. Koma iwo, mwatsoka, kukula pang'onopang'ono. Anadula kuposa kubereka. Choncho, nkhalango zotentha za mitengo yofunika amakhala ang'onoang'ono.

Paper kupanga lero

pepala ili ndi amene amapangidwa kuchokera misa ulusi munthu amene analandira macerating cellulosic feedstock. Kulemera koyamba wothira madzi kenako kutapira mawonekedwe, amene mauna lidakali. Owonjezera madzi bere, ndi Dries misa, pepala pepala analandira. Umu ndi mmene nzika Chinese anauzidwa Lun ali chidutswa wake woyamba wa pepala. Panthawi imeneyi, ngakhale kuti anali pafupifupi zaka zikwi ziwiri, kusintha kwakukulu zachitika.

Lero, pepala kupanga ikuchitika mafakitale zamakono ndi masitolo kwambiri, zida kuti achite ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Atalandira nkhuni zamkati ulusi opatsa maonekedwe ndi dongosolo, umene pepala zakuthupi wothira zomatira ndi resins. Zomatira sichisangalatsa madzi pepala, ndi utomoni ndi kupewa kufalitsa inki. Paper mtengo, woimiridwa ndi chithunzi pachionetsero, osati thandizo la mankhwala amenewa zolinga yosindikiza kuyambira inki Kodi sinafalikire.

Chotsatira ndi kupenta. Kuti tichite zimenezi, pepala aikidwa mu chosakanizira ndi inki kapena utoto. Ndiye nsima zimalowa makina, ndilo lotchedwa pepala. Pambuyo njira processing onse kulemera izi makina wobwezera mpukutu pepala riboni wakupambana odzigudubuza ambiri, wina amayikanikiza madzi, winayo - uphwetsa tepi, wachitatu - polishes.

Mu sitepe yotsatira pepala imatumizidwa msonkhano kuti yonyowa imachepa. Kumeneko, ulusi ndi degreased ndi zambiri ting'onoting'ono basi. Chifukwa ndi pepala youma nkhuni woyera, chilonda pa masikono yaikulu amene amapita ku chosindikizira. Kumeneko, iwo analaswa kukula chofunika.