Court, bwalo unit. Chiphunzitso cha zombo chipangizo

Wokhoma zombo aliyense, amene akufuna kupereka katundu ndi magalimoto zonyamula ayenera kudziwa mmene kulenga bwino bwalo. The chipangizo zombo - ndi sayansi kuti amalola kuti akumana ndi bwino ganizilani khalidwe la chombo pa ntchito zake, ngakhale zinthu zitavuta kwambiri.

Kodi ngalawa?

chotengera ndi yoyandama zovuta zomangamanga dongosolo kuti zochimwazo kumathetsa angapo mavuto - kuchokera chuma cha dziko anthu ndi wapadera. Aliyense njira akuyandama zigwirizana ambiri zimagwirira ndi mayunitsi, zipangizo ndi apparatuses, ntchito Integrated ndi khola ndi amene amalenga ziwiya. zombo chipangizo kumva ndi kumvera malamulo a sayansi, ndipo pa kudziŵa zamakono zapamwamba ndiponso achita pang'onopang'ono. zombo masiku ano kwake yaikulu zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi makhalidwe a zinalengedwera ndi makhalidwe. Court ndi kudzikonda injini ndi ofalitsidwa akuyandama pamwamba pa madzi, pa madzi ndi pansi pa madzi, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyumba.

Malinga ndi dera navigation ya sitimayo kugwa m'nyanja, kumtunda (ie, mtsinje komanso nyanja) ndi mtundu wosanganiza, kuti anthu kuti kupanga mayendedwe pakati pa nyanja ndi mtsinje madoko. Malinga mtundu injini, zomwe zimachititsa kayendedwe ka chotengeracho, ndi zombo akutali, maboti ndi dizelehody. Zipangizo m'makhoti akhoza kagwere, ndi injini ya phiko, mateyala nkhafi ndikupita chombo akhoza kusuntha matanga kapena nkhafi.

Kodi bwalo yapachiweniweni?

zombo chipangizo zikugwira mayendedwe boma, ndinaganiza kuti kuonetsetsa ntchito yachibadwa la ndalama, malingana kopita kwawo. Wotchuka kwambiri malonda zombo - ndi zoyendera kusodza. Transport luso lakonzedwa kuti ophimba m'basimo kapena katundu, kapena onse nthawi yomweyo ndipo anawagawa liners ndi Lipenga. Usodzi anapereka ambiri mitundu - nsomba, whaling, zombo fakitale, nsomba cannery trawlers ndi zina zotero.

katundu Ofunika ntchito

Aliyense chotengera ili katundu luso. Dalila iwo, zinthu monga kuthekera zoyendera ndi chuma, zomwe zikuonetsa mayesero. ziwiya zida zimadalira magawo amenewa:

• katundu mphamvu: chizindikiro ichi amadziwika katundu amene angathe anyamule chotengera popanda kusintha kamangidwe ka ndegeyo; mphamvu ukonde anatchula kulemera okwana payload, amene amanyamula njira, ndi deadweight - ndi kulemera okwana katundu onse, kuphatikizapo ndalama za mafuta, kukatentha madzi, kulemera kwa katundu ndi gulu, mwachitsanzo Uwerenge katundu yense pa bolodi;
• kusamutsidwa: Uwerenge onse kulemera zonse, ndipo izi zimakhudza kulemera chonse chotengera lonse;
• katundu: voliyumu ya malo onse katundu pa wagawo ndi akuyandama;
• yambewu tonnage: ndi ongolankhula kuchuluka kwa katundu danga, amene si kuchuluka kwa nyumba ndi nyumba zina mkati;
• mapeto mphamvu: chizindikiro ichi ikusonyezedwa onse ochiritsira buku danga chombo, katundu ndi anthu;
• kuyenda liwiro: kuchokera chizindikiro ichi zimadalira Mwachangu chuma chotengera ndi yonyamula mphamvu;
• ikuthamanga osiyanasiyana: womwe ndi mtunda chotengeracho adutse pa liwiro zina popanda kufunika kubwezeretsanso m'matangadza;
• Maneuverability: chizindikiro ichi limatchula luso chotengera angathe kuchita ayendetsa ena mu malo oyamba kusintha malangizo ndi liwiro;
• ndi kudziyimira pawokha: chizindikiro cha nthawi chotengera popanda kubwezeretsa katundu mafuta, madzi ndi chakudya;
• survivability ie luso chotengera kuti zochitika zadzidzidzi kumaliza kusambira otetezeka.

Bata - chizindikiro zofunika

Chiphunzitso cha yomanga chombo kumafuna tcheru kuti mtendere wa aliyense wa zida akuyandama. Pansi njirayi amanena kuti mavuto chotengera ndi gulu pamalo ofukula ndipo pambuyo kuwongola mwathu. Yofunika kwambiri ndi ankaimba ndi potsegula zolondola aliyense chotengera chifukwa cha kudalirika kwake ndi dzuwa. chombo akhoza kusintha muyezo wake mchikakamizo cha mphepo ndi mafunde, bata amadalira wanji ali metacentre ndi kulemekeza malo yokoka. Metacentre woona - iyi ndiyo nthawi kumene zoyandikana mtanda malangizo buoyancy. kukhazikika mphindi mmene pa rectification bwalo la bola ngati likulu yokoka sanama pamwamba pa metacentre woona. Ngati metacentre pansipa chombo sadzakhala zinthu moyenera.

Kodi bwato?

General makonzedwe a zotengera mu mau motere. The mbali yaikulu ndi nyumba wopangidwa mwa khungu akunja - ndi maziko a pansi ndi mbali. Pamwamba pa nyumba ndi chatsekedwa sitimayo, pamene pangakhale zingapo, malingana ndi mtundu chotengera. Sitimayo chapamwamba ali kutalika uku ndi ku uta kumbuyo kwake - pa izo anakonza chipinda zolinga zosiyana. Ngati sitimayo yaitali - uku, kenako iwo akutchedwa superstructure ngati ali mbali imodzi ya sitimayo - kanyumba. Ena ziwiya pa sitimayo chapamwamba adakali naperewera pa sitimayo kupeza ntchito - zingakhale ngalawa, kuyenda sitimayo. Sitimayo ngakhale apamwamba ndi tanthauzo lapadera Mwachitsanzo, chipinda wailesi kapena kulamulira positi chapakati.

Ntchito plating zitsulo pepala la makulidwe osiyana, pamene apuma pa chimango lamkati, wotchedwa oyimba chotengera. Pamafunikanso yopingasa mafelemu dongosolo, stringers matabwa kotenga, mitanda akuthandiza sitimayo. The adzikometsa akhoza kudula hatches ndi kudula-zakunja, amene ayenera kukhala amphamvu - kuti achite kokha mapepala zitsulo ndi lalikulu.

Pansi pa zombo zambiri zamakono, pawiri, ndi yazokonza pansi mkati. Izi kapangidwe wochenjera likugwirizana ndi njira za chitetezo. Mu bottoms awiri akhoza kusungidwa mafuta madzi, madzi abwino, ballast madzi, zomwe agwirizane chotengera ndi immerses izo mwakuya m'madzi. Mkati nyumba ya lagawidwa makontena ndi bulkheads yopingasa, amene zimatheka chifukwa mphamvu yopingasa ndi sitima unsinkable.

Pamafunikanso zingapo zofunika chipangizo zinthu chotengera. The chithunzi limasonyeza kuti galimoto ndi injini, tinakwera ndi zowongolera. Thruster - chipangizo imagwira kutembenuka mphamvu makina a injini mphamvu yotumiza chotengeracho. Zowongolera zingamuthandize chiwongolero, pamene mu Baibulo zamakono za izo losandulizika. Taganizirani mbali zina kachitidwe kuti sitima zambiri.

Features kupanga alumikizana

Chiphunzitso cha zipangizo sitima zochokera Ndipotu, katundu wanji imagwera pa iye. alumikizana chotengera ndi mchikakamizo cha hydrostatic mphamvu kuthamanga, amene kukula ndi kuwonjezeka mozama. Chifukwa vuto chombo m'madziwo akuchita katundu yopingasa ndi katundu ku njira yake buku, komanso buoyancy. Motero, mawonekedwe a nyumba ya zimadalira mtundu chotengera ndi cholinga chake, komanso tonnage chofunika buku akugwirizira, chiwerengero cha adzikometsa, mtendere yopingasa ndi liwiro. Komanso, mawonekedwe a nyumba chimadalira pa cholinga zoyendera luso ndi makhalidwe ake ntchito.

zipangizo mwachindunji

Shipbuilding - njira iliyonse yolemetsa, omwe atenge mbali ya chilichonse. Modern thupi akalumikidzidwa ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi amene anali pachiyambi. Choyamba, kusintha anapangidwa zipangizo ndi njira zamakono. Ngati poyamba njira akuyandama tinapangidwa kuchokera ku matabwa, ndiye pang'onopang'ono m'malo zitsulo, zitsulo. Yofunika kwambiri ndi ankaimba ndi kulemera ziwembu kuwala pokhalabe mphamvu. Ntchito kuwotcherera kwa kulumikiza zinthu n'zotheka kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha zinthu structural ndi kupanga opepuka chotero cholimba.

Modern njira akuyandama ali ndi zitsulo wofatsa ndi mbali kuponyedwa chitsulo, kasakaniza wazitsulo kuwala ndi mapulasitiki. Komanso, pulasitiki chimagwiritsidwa ntchito osati kwa kupanga ziwalo, komanso chilengedwe cha ziwiya kochepa, monga nsomba kapena masewera kapena maboti opulumutsa anthu pangozi.

khungu makamaka akunja

Khungu lakunja ndi hulls chipolopolo kunja, limene kuthamanga madzi kugwa. Izo zimatengera mphamvu ya thupi lake. Khungu lakunja - izi mapepala munthu nadzaphatikizana ndi mzake ndi kuwotcherera. The makulidwe a wosanjikiza n'kosiyanasiyana ndipo zimadalira kutalika kwa chombo, kutalika kwa mbali makoma ake, komanso mvula, ndi mtunda pakati pa mafelemu - nthiti housings, limene mawonekedwe a sitima makamaka. M'madzi chotengera dongosolo pokhala kuti wina ndi chipangizo chomwecho akhoza kukhala osiyana cladding makulidwe pa malo osiyanasiyana. mayesero Wamkulu nkhawa amidships, choncho pali makulidwe a pepala ndi wamkulu kuposa malekezero. Pansi amveke a akonzedwa pansi pa uta ndi kumbuyo kwa ngalawayo, chifukwa chikoka cha pitching.

Sitimayo ndi underdeck

Sitimayo - chinthu chofunika ya chotengera. The chipangizo kunja zombo pa mfundo zaphindu maganizo ofanana, kumene sitimayo - alipo izi mu nyumba anakafika horizontally. Sitimayo ulemu imatengedwa waukulu - ndipamene makhoti wamba envelopu. adzikometsa onse, yomwe ili pansipa waukulu, tiyenera kuonjezera m'dera zisanawonongeke chombocho. Sitimayo, chokonzedwa pamwamba amatchedwa pokha-mvu. Yazokonza pansi sitimayo waukulu angakhale makulidwe osiyana - malinga ndi kutalika kwa ngalawayo ndi kutalika kwa mbali zonse.

Features ya zida chiwongolero

Chotengera wa chiwongolero chipangizo amachita cholinga chachikulu - kutsutsa magulu kunja, mwachitsanzo mphepo, panopa, tingayambe kupatuka pa njira ya zipangizo. Kale, m'malo chiwongolero ntchito nkhafi ikulendewera pa kumakhaliro, ndiye anasintha Utsogoleri linanena, amene anaikidwa pa sitima yaikulu. Lero pali mitundu ingapo ya zowongolera - wamba ndi balancer kwa thruster uta. Zigwiriro komanso mwakhama ndi kungokhala chete: zapitazi tiyeni inu atembenuza chotengera pa kayendedwe ka madzi poyerekezera alumikizana ndi. Yogwira chiongolero amalola kuti atembenuza monga yogwedeza ndi chombo zaphindu.

Chabe chotengera chiwongolero zida zikuphatikizapo goli ndi HIV, injini chiwongolero, zowongolera. Zombo akale anakhalabe amazilamulira umodzi-wosanjikiza, ndipo masiku ano ntchito makamaka lopotana mbiri chiwongolero. Yogwira gudumu amagwira ntchito yake ngakhale kukachitika kuti ngalawa ili popanda zoyenda, ndilo nangula. Yogwira chiwongolero chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zida za zombo fakitale zombo whaling ndi kukonza.

Kusintha maneuverability, sitima kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito thruster chipangizo. Iwo wokwera pa uta kumbuyo kwa luso la transversely mu msewu, zimene zili awiri injini. Izi zikutanthauza wothandiza anafunika ntchito chotengera pa liwiro otsika kwambiri. The zida chiwongolero amusankha malingana cholinga chimene ngalawayo ntchito: gulu limodzi chiwongolero bwanji kuteteza mtendere kumene, winayo amathandiza kuonetsetsa maneuverability wabwino.

Anchor - chinthu chofunika wa

Lokhazikika zida chotengera n'kofunika kuti tikhalebe njira akuyandama malo pamene chofunika kupirira zinthu kunja monga mphepo, ndi mafunde, panopa. Court kugona pa nangula mu misewu kapena pokonzekera khomo doko komanso zinthu mwadzidzidzi. Modern nangula anapereka zosiyanasiyana ndipo anawagawa m'magulu. Mwachitsanzo, Ndodo nangula ndodo, nangula, nangula ndipo Nangula Trotman Hall akonzekeretse maboti zamasewera kapena maofesi chilikupita maphunziro.

Anchor ziwiya zamakono ntchito motere: pamene nangula akadzabweranso limagwa pansi, inatuluka kumachitika towing chotengera. Anchor pamene galimoto uthina "mapazi" kwa pansi. Zochinyamula, ntchito unyolo nangula: zimautsa nangula pamwamba pansi, kukweza izo pansi. nangula unyolo kutalika zimadalira kuthamanga mphepo, ndi mafunde mantha ndipo adzakhala kusamalira magulu awa onse akunja. Lokhazikika chipangizo zambiri ili pa uta chotengera, kumene kuika ndi windlass, amene amayendera ndi galimoto magetsi kapena hayidiroliki.

zingapo mfundo zofunika

Lokhazikika makhoti chipangizo kuonetsetsa kuti chombo akhoza kuima doko ali ku doko. Mooring ikukwaniritsa mizere mooring - iwo achotsedwa pa sitima ku gombe diagonally. Lero, zinthu izi zopangidwa kuchokera cholimba pulasitiki. Pamene tikuyandikira zombo gombe ndi iwo ejected mooring zingwe.

The chipangizo ambiri ndi chotengera wasonyeza zosiyanasiyana chombo mu mawonekedwe a kuyanika ndi ballast kachitidwe, Kutentha ndi mpweya. Aliyense wa iwo amachita mbali: amalimbikitsa ngalande ndinapatsidwa yosonkhanitsa pansi pa madzi m'nyanja ya ballast zofunika ngalande mudzaze ndi akasinja madzi nyanja, ndi machitidwe ena zimadalira chitetezo ndi chilimbikitso cha ntchito iliyonse chotengera.