Chipembere: mfuti Shuvalov Russian zida zankhondo

Kugwiritsa catapults kuwononga mdani pa mtunda izo zinali kuchitidwa kuchokera kalelo. A yojambula kwambiri pa kusintha kwa zida zida zankhondo zinachitika maonekedwe onga. Catapults chinthu Kale m'malo mwa zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za mfuti howitzers ndi mortars. Kusintha machenjerero nkhondo zinachititsa kusintha zida zida zankhondo. Mmodzi wa toyesa kwambiri changwiro cha m'ma 18 ndi chipembere Cannon Shuvalov.

Kusintha kwa smoothbore zida zankhondo

Mu nthawi kuchokera XVIII kuti XIX kusintha m'zaka za materiel izo unachitikira asilikali onyamula Tsarist Russia: izo chosavuta ndi logwirizana. kusintha bwanji kutalika kwa zida zankhondo ndi makulidwe a makoma awo. N'zochititsa chidwi chepetse chiwerengero cha calibers ndi friezes - zokongoletsera pa mtengo. Chifukwa cha yogwirizanitsa anakhala zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito mbali chomwecho kwa zida zosiyanasiyana. Chipembere (mfuti) - chida latsopano kwavomelezedwa pansi pa lamulo feldtseyhmeystera General (Chief a zida zankhondo) Werengani Petra Ivanovicha Shuvalova. Howitzer mfundo imeneyi chachotsedwa utumiki wa asilikali achifumu. Anakhala kusintha kupeza munthu wa zida zankhondo Russian mu 1812 nkhondo.

kamangidwe ntchito

alonda Team opanga kutsogoleredwa ndi Chiwerengero Shuvalov anatenga zaka zingapo ntchito pa chilengedwe cha zida zatsopano ndi kufikira sakhuta lachitsanzo awo - mfuti yatsopano - Shuvalov chipembere. "Kodi nokha" - kupereka amisiri ano apadera malo, kupereka zojambula zofunikira zonse ndi mamangidwe. Pangani chida zojambula wokonzeka alipo - ntchito wosalira zambiri kuposa amene anali kulimbana ndi eni mfuti. Popeza sayansi pa nthawi imeneyo sanali kuwerengetsera ongolankhula, ntchito watsopano mfuti chitsanzo anachita ndi kuyeserera kangapo.

Chifukwa cha zatsopano zambiri, kupatula unicorns, pali zitsanzo zina zosiyanasiyana za mfuti zambiri zinali anataya. Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo izi Sadadzipangire ndi Russian asilikali mu utumiki, ali dvuhstvolny pushki- "mapasa". Izi chidutswa zida zankhondo anali ziwiri mbiya wokwera pa ophimba pa.

Kuwombera ku chida ichi zinachitikadi ndi buckshot, imene inali ndodo akanadulidwa chitsulo. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti zotsatira za kuwomba projectile zimenezo zingakhale yaikulu. Pambuyo kuyezetsa, kunapezeka kuti anachitapo wapawiri Cannon woposa ochiritsira osakwatiwa-barreled.

ndi chipembere (mfuti) chiyani?

Russian zida zankhondo kuchokera 1757 anali okonzeka ndi chida latsopano anayamba ndi anchito M. V. Danilovym ndi M. G. Martynovym. The chida analengedwa m'malo mfuti kuleza barreled ndi howitzers. Dzinali - chipembere - Cannon analandira nyama lanthano kuti akufotokozedwa mu chovala manja Chiwerengero P. I. Shuvalova.

Izi ndi zenizeni ku Russian zida zankhondo mfuti amaphatikiza yokha makhalidwe a mfuti howitzers, anafuna kuti kuchititsa athyathyathya ndipo yokhota kumapeto moto. Unicorns ndi mifuti yochepa. Shuvalovskie mankhwala mbiya ali ndi njira chowulungika imene yopingasa awiri kangapo wamkulu kuposa choimirira. Mu ichi kumasiyana ndi ndalama chakale cha zida zankhondo. Thunthu ya chipembere ali mawonekedwe a chulucho chowulungika. Pamene kuwomba kwake amapereka yopingasa zoyenda njira yodutsamo canister. Kodi mfuti kholo ambiri mlandu anapita mu nthaka, kapena zikuwuluka pamwamba pa mitu ya mdani.

Zotsatira kukonzanso achifumu zida zankhondo

Pambuyo wamakono wa nkhani m'gulu la asilikali Russian anaonekera chipembere. Mfuti, limene lili pansipa cithunzithunzi, anaimiriridwa akweza zida zankhondo mfuti, amene kuphatikiza ndi katundu bwino tikawona zipangizo mfuti.

Martynov omwe ndi Daniel mankhwala pa nthawi imeneyo ankaona wangwiro kwambiri chifukwa akutsutsana ndi zitsanzo chimodzimodzi lightness awo ndi maneuverability. Zaka zana ntchito wachifumu asilikali mfuti chipembere, amene zojambula kuti anafunsa Russian ake ogwirizana Austria mu 1760.

Tingawadziwe bwanji chitsanzo yatsopano ku zida zankhondo tingachipeze powerenga?

Kusintha zida malangizo mwatsatanetsatane kuti zikhudze okonza anali kukhala diopter yosavuta, amene okonzeka ndi chipembere. mfuti anali okonzeka ndi mfuti, umene ndi kagawo ndi pamaso kutsogolo. Yowotcha osiyanasiyana Shuvalov mankhwala anali katatu woposa wa zidutswa zina za zida zankhondo. Unicorns ali ndi kulemera poyerekeza mfuti ochiritsira, koma mtengo ndi mlandu zikuluzikulu mphamvu. Anali osiyana ndi kuwombera. kubereka moto ndi asilikali a mutu wokwera pa njira yodutsamo ndi mbali khalidwe lotero chida, monga chipembere. Mfuti, kuloŵedwa m'malo mwa chida latsopano ankatha kuchita yekha msipu moto.

Kodi projectiles zipolopolo chitsanzo akweza?

Shuvalov Cannon akhoza kuwombera mabomba, lomwe ndi mphako zipolopolo ozungulira wodzazidwa ndi wakuda onga ndi zokuzira ndi mapaipi matabwa, mafyuzi. Izi unicorns ofanana yochepa howitzers. Iwo ankasiyana nawuza liwiro ndi osiyanasiyana. unicorns mitengo anali kawiri kuposa howitzers lapansi.

Komanso, ambiri ntchito mitima ndi canister osiyana chipembere. Cannon (Classic) ankaufulula yekha kukhalabe flatness wa kuwombera. Pofuna kuika moto adani, mfuti akale anakankhira patsogolo oyenda: okwera awo alibe upambana madigiri 15, pamene thunthu Shuvalov chipembere anamuukitsa kwa kulasa madigiri 45.

chipangizo A wathandizidwa

Pamaso unicorns Russian ndi European makamu ntchito Cannon likungosonyeza 18-25 ndi 6-8 likungosonyeza howitzers. N'zotsimikizira kutalika anatsimikiza chiŵerengero zida ndi awiri tsinde lake. Chakale mfuti nthawi sanali okonzeka ndi bawuti, choncho amatchedwanso beskamornoy. Mbiya njira mu mfuti wadutsa mu pansi, amene anali kuphwa mawonekedwe kapena mu mawonekedwe a Chigawo cha munthu. Howitzer bawuti anali kuvundikira cylindrical.

Unicorns zili ndi bawuti, amene anali conical mu mawonekedwe. Komiti anali gawo kumbuyo kwa yafupika awiri mu zipolopolo zida zankhondo ndipo anafuna kuwayika kartuznyh milandu.

Mawonekedwe a anali phirilo truncated, imene inatha ozungulira pansi 2 ndi kuya n'zotsimikizira. Chifukwa chotero zomangamanga, pamene amaloza mfuti chandamale umaonetsera wangwiro wokhudzana ndi projectile ballistics.

The ndondomeko ya potsegula conical Camore mfuti yatsopano n'kosavuta ndipo mofulumira poyerekeza ndi cylindrical howitzers chipinda. Chifukwa kamangidwe bwino chipembere anali ndi kulemera m'munsi kuli ndi ubwino pa machenjerero ake. Pambuyo 1808 mu Shuvalovskie mfuti m'malo ozungulira anabwera kuphwa pansi, popeza anamaliza. Kuya kwa zipinda za utachepa.

Kodi zida zankhondo mfuti ntchito bwino?

Unicorns ntchito popanga mkuwa ndi chitsulo. Field zida zankhondo anali okonzeka ndi zida zitatu funt mkuwa. Pudova mfuti wa nkhaniyi ankagwiritsa ntchito kuzinga zida zankhondo. Pakuti dziko anafuna Unicorns makumi mapaundi, zachitsulo chosungunula.

Cannon 1757 lachitsanzo chaka

Monga lowopsya odnopudovy chipembere sanali concede khumi mfuti. wonenepa anali 1.048 kg. Ndi mapaundi 64 zosakwana mfuti. Mu chida ichi Shuvalovskie yodziwika mkulu sayenda. Malinga ndi chikhalidwe chawo mwatsatanetsatane ndi luso odnopudovy chipembere kuposa zisanu ndi mapaundi Cannon, limene 1734 ankaona chophweka kwa zidutswa munda zida zankhondo. Shuvalov ana kunapezeka kuti ndalama khumi mbandakucha mfuti ndi wogwidwa phindu zowononga pamene kuwombera buckshot. Odnopudovy chipembere kuposa ndi zofanana kulemera howitzer. woonera wa moto kapena zachiwawa kugawikana mabomba ku bwino Cannon pa malinga mdani anali kawiri kuposa kwa mabomba ochiritsira ntchito odnopudovaya howitzer.

Pamene kukula anatsimikiza?

Mpaka XIX m'ma muyeso n'zotsimikizira zinachitikadi osati awiri a mbiya njira. Ntchito zida zankhondo chida anayamba izi kulemera pafupifupi la phata la. Pambuyo kudziyesa trehpudovogo chipembere likungosonyeza amene anali 320 mm, kunapezeka kuti chida n'kwakukulu kwambiri ndi nthawi yambiri pamene tsegula. Gulu la okonza ntchito ndi chitsanzo ichi cha zida zankhondo ndinayima.

Pa maziko kodi ntchito Shuvalovskie mfuti?

• Asanayambe pa chipembere kuwombera kumabweretsa cholinga.
• Kulera ndi kutsitsa mfuti breech anachita ntchito zipangizo akuonadi - zomangira.
• Mungaimitse manja horizontally levers wapadera zinkaperekedwa mwa okonza.
• Kukhazikitsa umalimbana mfuti mdani zinachitikadi wedges.
• Poyatsira ufa opangidwa kudzera chingwe, amene okonzeka ndi kuwala woyendetsa.
• Kwa mfuti ndipo unicorns envisaged kuipanikiza potsegula: pachimake, mabomba, makapu malata wodzazidwa ndi finely akanadulidwa waya (canister) aikidwa mu chida kupyolera mbiya. Pa yomweyo unicorns chipolopolo kuchokera pamwamba pa mbiya anagunda phirilo tapered ndi kulemera ake mwamphamvu losindikizidwa kale kupezeka pali woyang'anira wakuda ufa, amene anachita vyshibalnuyu ntchito.
• Pa kuyaka wa onga unakhazikitsidwa okwanira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ejecting ndi projectile kuchokera mbiya. Pambuyo Unicorns Kutulukira kwambiri bwino ndi dzuwa la ndalama zida zankhondo. Shuvalov mankhwala kuchokera kuyaka wa onga kuyang'anira mphamvu kwathunthu bouncer projectile osati anachita kudzera mipata m'makoma mbiya, monga mmene zinalili mu mfuti ochiritsira.
• Pambuyo wina anaponya mbiya zida zankhondo kutsukidwa Bannik - maburashi wapadera, amene ntchito kupanga zikopa za nkhosa.

ndi mwayi yochepa mfuti chiyani?

• Zida zankhondo kapangidwe chipembere zosakwana mfuti mwachizolowezi, koma oposa matope.
• The mankhwala Shuvalova Zithunzi inaŵerengeredwa mtunda wa mamita okwana atatu.. Mtunda zimenezi ankaona kwambiri.
• Short mbiya chipembere anakweza molondola. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ulimi wa migolo kwa zida zankhondo anali wangwiro: pamaso pa monyanyira tosaoneka padziko lamkati la mbiya kuti akhoza kusintha njira yodutsamo wa projectile kuperekedwa, zimapezeka kambirimbiri. Motalikira mbiya, m'pamenenso pamaso pa monyanyira zimenezi. Kuchepetsa thunthu yafupika pafupipafupi zolakwika ndi sizimadziwika kasinthasintha zipolopolo pa kuwomba, ndipo ichi, ayamba bwino yolondola kumenya.
• Kuchepetsa kukula kwa thunthu anali ndi ubwino pa potsegula liwiro. Pamaso pa Kubwera kwa unicorns ochiritsira wina kuwombera mfuti mundilanda mphindi zosachepera 15.
• Shuvalov mfuti ndi ulamuliro bokosibode ndondomeko anali mosavuta. Komanso, lalifupi mbiya kuchuluka nyamuka digiri ku 45. chiwerengerochi sanathe zimatheka ndi mfuti ochiritsira.

Shuvalov chipembere. Kodi nokha

Yourselfers amene akufuna kukhala ndi manja kulenga zitsanzo za zida unawasonkhanitsa, muyenera kudziwa kuti musanayambe zotsimikizira chipembere mawonekedwe, muyenera kukhala pamaso panga chitsanzo cha mankhwala m'tsogolo. Master chitsanzo N'zosavuta kuchita ndi pepala. Mu ndondomekoyi, ndikofunika kusunga pamlingo umodzi. Izi zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito chidole msilikali, kudzera amene adzamanga kuti Kamangidwe zipolopolo zida zankhondo m'tsogolo miyeso chimadalira m'thupi la munthu. Pamene bwino anaphedwa makatoni mbuye chitsanzo, mukhoza chitani kupanga ofanana, koma nkhuni.

Pokambirana ndi nkhaniyi, Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito lacquer, zomwe zigwirizana pamodzi ndi zazing'ono ndi kuteteza kusamutsidwa awo. Kwa mfuti anali lathyathyathya pamwamba, iwo ayenera kusonyezedwa owona singano. mankhwala tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mutipatse ochiritsira mkuwa sulphate, Lomwe lingathe kukopedwa pa sitolo hardware. Sam impregnation ndondomeko ndi nthawi yambiri: sulphate mkuwa ayenera kuchepetsedwa mu chidebe yaing'ono imene ndisunse mfuti akutembenukira. Pamene mfuti kudetsa, iwo ayenera kuchotsedwa njira ndi kukonzedwa mwa mwake kapena phala (GOI kapena asidola). njirayi angathe kuchitidwa kangapo. Pambuyo padziko chithandizo zida adzakhala ndithu mkuwa mtundu.

Pomaliza

M'zaka za m'ma XVIII zomera azitsulo Urals ankatengedwa yaikulu mafakitale zovuta popanga zitsulo kuposa dziko lililonse Western European. A kuchuluka yaikulu mfundo zofunikira Kuŵerenga Shuvalov kunapangitsa kuti tikuzindikira ntchito yathu zomangamanga. Chifukwa cha kuŵeta ogwira mwamsanga 1759 anaponyedwa 477 zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za chipembere: mfuti anali calibers asanu ndi kulemedwa pa makilogalamu 340 kuti tonnes 3.5.

Unicorns atsimikizira ogwira mu nkhondo Turkey, amene anapereka kugonjetsa Tsarist Russia Crimea ndi Chatsopano Russia. Kupezeka kwa zidutswa izi zida zankhondo m'zaka za m'ma 18 analola asilikali Russian kukhala wamphamvu mu Europe.