TNT - ndi chiyani ichi? Zikuchokera ndi mphamvu thunthu

Masiku ano, misonkhano anapereka kwa anthu mabomba osiyanasiyana. Pakati pawo malo apadera wotanganidwa ndi TNT. Izi pawiri mankhwala chotchuka kwambiri m'madera amene amafuna disassembly wa zitsulo, simenti kapena njerwa zomangamanga. Izi ankaona zachiwawa chachikulu zida za zipolopolo usilikali.

Pamene TNT chidatengedwa?

Chilinganizo trinitrotoluene (C ₆ H ₂ (NO _{2) 3} CH ₃₎ anali anachokera mu chaka cha 1963. Woyambitsa wa zachiwawa izi ankaona German sayansi Julius Wilbrand. Popeza 1891, ulimi mafakitale TNT unakhazikitsidwa. Mu 1902, a German ndi asilikali American mu zida za zipolopolo m'malo asidi picric, TNT. Russia Okhta chomera ntchito luso German mu 1909 ndipo anayamba kupanga malonda mabomba. Development wa makampani petrochemical wakhala kutsogolera kwa kuŵeta wa TNT.

mayina

TNT - mkulu zachiwawa (iye), lomwe limatchedwanso:

• trinitrotoluene;
• tolite;
• Utatu;
• nitrotolom.

Zachiwawa osakaniza chidule:

• TNT;
• TNT;
• T.

Chavuta ndi chiyani?

TNT - mankhwala anapanga chifukwa cha mogwirizana mankhwala nitric acid sulfuric ndi toluene. Mu boma wabwinobwino ndi olimba TNT chikasu crystalline mankhwala, okhoza kusungunula pa +81 ° C, ndi pa +310 ° C azinyadira. TNT sachita chidwi kwambiri ndi nkhawa makina. Kusungunuka trinitrotoluene ntchito pyridine, acetone ndi chloroform.

TNT ali ndi katundu onse a mankhwala a. Ntchito mankhwala ngati wothandizira odana ndi mafangasi. Chifukwa, ndi kawopsedwe mkulu wa TNT m'malo ndi ena aluso mankhwala mankhwala.

limati

TNT - ndi zachiwawa zimenezi limati anayi:

• Flake.
• Ufa. Yodziwika ndi tilinazo mkulu zinthu zakunja makamaka moto.
• Mbamuikha kapena pulasitala. Angathe moto chikasu moto. Popanda muyezo lama fuyusi kapena detonator kapisozi chimaphulika. Iwo yodziwika ndi tilinazo mkulu detonation.
• Kusungunuka. Monga flake, chifukwa boma la TNT chibadidwe tilinazo otsika detonation. Kutsegula zinaphatikizidwa trinitrotoluene, payenera kukhala wapakatikati detonators. Chifukwa chaichi, abwino kwa mbamuikha TNT.

Monga mankhwala wapangidwa?

Flake mawonekedwe Ndi mmene kwa mabomba yatsopano chopangidwa.

TNT kupanga ndondomeko chikuchitika mu magawo awiri:

• toluene processing. Pambuyo nitration zimene asidi nitric, asidi sulfuric ndi toluene anapanga particles yaing'ono mu mawonekedwe a flakes wotumbululuka chikasu, amene ndiye mutu zinthu zosiyanasiyana mawotchi. Mu ndondomekoyi, asidi sulfuric ntchito ngati wothandizira dehydrating.
• Nitration ndi oleum, poyankha amene alowa mono- ndi dinitrotoluene. Mu gawo lachiwiri la dehydrating wothandizila amachita oleum. The zidulo owonjezera Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa siteji koyamba za kupanga TNT.

The processing wa flaked boma TNT mu limatsogolera kapena ufa ting'onoting'ono basi.

mafotokozedwe

• TNT amakhala ndi tilinazo otsika nkhawa kunja mawotchi: zotsatira, anaponya chipolopolo nsakali, kukhululukirana.
• Ndipo Anachita zinthu mankhwala.
• Kilogalamu TNT akhoza kuonetsetsa 1010 kcal mphamvu.
• Ngati muli ndi muyezo zikutchinga kapu TNT akanena liwiro la mamita 6900 pa mphindi.
• Trinitrotoluene Kodi samva ndi matabwa, mapulasitiki, simenti, njerwa.
• Insoluble madzi.
• Pambuyo Kutentha yaitali, wetting mu madzi ndi kusungunuka TNT akasamuka katundu wawo zachiwawa.
• Amamuchititsa mdima chifukwa cha kukhudzana kwa dzuwa.
• Akhoza kuwotcha chifukwa cha kukhudzana kwa lawi lotseguka. Choncho TNT kuunikiridwa ndi chikasu umuna lawi mwaye.
• TNT zikhale mu chikhalidwe operable ngakhale pambuyo yosungirako yaitali. zinthu zosiyanasiyana (madzi, dziko kapena munition thupi) sikumangotikhudza katundu wa TNT ndi zachiwawa.

Amene BB akhoza kulowa kugwirizana?

TNT angathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mawonekedwe woyera kapena wothira mabomba ena. Pakati pawo, ambiri ndi:

• RDX;
• tetryl;
• PETN;
• amiachno-Saltpeter mabomba.

Kuwonjezera TNT kuti hexogen, tetrilu TENu ndi kumatanthauza ndi kutsitsa katundu wawo zachiwawa. Pambuyo Kuwonjezera TNT mu amiachno Saltpeter-BB zimawonedwa kuonjezera kukana awo mankhwala ndi kuchepa hygroscopicity.

Kugwiritsa zachiwawa mafakitale

Quarries ndi mabomba ndi waukulu malo mabomba ntchito. Makamaka zinthu izi mabomba chopangidwa pa malopo. The zikuchokera TNT, wokonzedwera kwa migodi, muli zigawo izi:

• granulated nitrate ammonium;
• mafuta dizilo: 3%;
• mpweya ufa: 5%.

chofunika ndi kukhalapo kwa TNT flake (8%). Izi TNT mbali zitatu zipangitsa Mwachangu mkulu wa zikutchinga. Ntchito mabomba sikukuvulaza chilengedwe.

Momwe alusa?

TNT pambuyo detonation masamba mwayi kuti apulumuke okhawo amene anali kutali malo omwe. Pamene amayamba trinitrotoluene khalidwe lalikulu kusankha kuchuluka mphamvu, amene akufotokozera mu waukulu chidwi chinthu BB - yoweyula mantha. Pa nthawi ya uchigawenga, koma ndi oopsa ake kudzaza chipangizo ndi zachiwawa. zinthu zogwira Mwaichi ndi misomaliyo, mtedza, akapichi ndi zidutswa za rebar.

Kudziwa mphamvu kuphulika ntchito ndi TNT ofanana: mphamvu anamasulidwa mu kuphulika kwa mabomba wofanana misa. Chakumene makilogalamu wa TNT umabala mphamvu zokwanira kupha munthu amene ali ku malo omwe pa mtunda wa mamita atatu. Ndi kuphulika anamasulidwa 4,19h106 George. Chitetezo The kungakhale pa mtunda wa mamita 15. A tani TNT akumasula 4,19h109 J. Energy.

Kodi chinthu ntchito lero?

Kuwonjezera migodi, TNT wapeza ntchito kwake usilikali. Malinga ndi zachiwawa mu Russian Federation onyamula Mphamvu akuvutika ndi zipolopolo, maroketi, matope zipolopolo, mabomba, mabomba ndi mabomba zomangamanga. Pakuti zida zawo ntchito TNT. Pankhani ya kuwerengetsera nyukiliya amene ali makilogalamu ndi matani. Pakuti zida wokonzeka options zida ntchito:

• masamu kwa mabomba dzanja kuchokera magalamu 75 400 TNT;
• kupereka mabomba odana ndi thanki ndi makilogalamu theka;
• akonzekeretse mamita ali pa 4 ndi 7 makilogalamu IV;
• bomba munali matani 5 TNT;
• panyanja wanga - kuchokera makilogalamu 50 300.

milandu TNT ali nakweza mwa zodulidwa zitsulo ku RDX kapena RDX ndi aluminum.

Kodi kusunga?

TNT akukhala boma posamalira cylindrical wapadera kapena njuga anayi. TNT amaperekedwa kunja kwa pepala paraffin okutira ndi zokhazikapo wapadera kwa kabotolo zisoti.

Lero, kuwonjezera TNT mlanduwo zachiwawa kulenga mabomba amphamvu kwambiri. Ngakhale izi, TNT akali kufunika makampani migodi ya usilikali.