Art chikhalidwe cha Japan: chitukuko ndi mitundu

Kodi pa chikhalidwe luso la Japan? bwanji osauka? Pa mafunso amenewa ndi ena ife adzayankha m'nkhani ino. chikhalidwe Japanese kumaoneka ndi kayendedwe mbiri yomwe inayamba pamene Japanese anasamuka ku Chile kwa chilumbachi ndi anabadwa Jomon chitukuko.

Pakali pano lithandize anthu kwambiri ndi Ulaya, Asia (makamaka Korea ndi China) ndi North America. Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za chikhalidwe Japanese ndi chitukuko yaitali m'nyengo ya okwana kudzipatula boma (mfundo sakoku) ndi mitundu ina mu ulamuliro wa Tokugawa Shogunate, chimene chinafika mpaka cha m'ma XIX - chiyambi cha Meiji nyengo.

zotsatira

Kodi chikhalidwe luso la Japan? Pa chitukuko anali ndi chidwi amadza osiyana malo dera dziko, nyengo komanso malo mbali komanso zochitika zachilengedwe (chimphepo ndi zivomezi kawirikawiri). Izi zinaonetsera maganizo zodabwitsa kwa zachilengedwe munthu wamoyo. The peculiarity wa khalidwe Japanese fuko ndi luso amasirira kukongola kwa chilengedwe panopa, amene afotokozedwa mu zosiyanasiyana luso la dziko yaing'ono.

Art chikhalidwe Japanese analengedwa mchikakamizo cha Chibuda, Shintoism ndi Chikomfyushani. mumaganiza izi mukopedwe ndi kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko.

masiku akale

Gwirizanani, luso Japanese ndi chikhalidwe ndi zazikulu. Shinto akulimba kalelo. Chibuda ali yemweyo, ngakhale kuti panali BC, anayamba kufalitsa chokha cha m'ma wachisanu. Heyanskaya nthawi (8-12 TH CC.) Kodi ankaona kuti fano nthawi ya boma la Japan. Mu nthawi yomweyo, chikhalidwe kwabasi wa dziko lino wafika ake apamwamba.

M'zaka 13 panali Chikomfyushani. Pa nthawi imeneyi, ndipo padali kugawanikana a Confucius nzeru ndi Chibuda.

hieroglyphics

Chifanizo cha Japan Chikhalidwe luso ndiwo ndi versification wapadera wotchedwa ndi haiku (haiku). Dziko amadziwikanso kwambiri kuyambira luso Zilembozo zinkasonyeza, limene, mogwirizana ndi nthano, anafika ku chifaniziro wakumwamba Mulungu. Iwo adauzira moyo mu chinenero olembedwa, anthu okoma mtima kwa aliyense chikhalidwe mu kalembedwe lapansi.

Iwo mphekesera kuti chikhalidwe Japanese limaoneka otchulidwa ngati pali zithunzi ozungulira alembedwa. Pang'ono kenako kuyamba penti Pamilunguyo olimba zinthu mogwirizana ndi ndakatulo mu chidutswa chimodzi.

Ngati inu kuphunzira Japanese mpukutuwo, mungaone kuti ntchito lili mitundu iwiri ya m'nkhaniyi. script Izi zinasonyeza - ndakatulo kusindikiza Colof ndi wowoneka bwino. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndapindula kwambiri cha kutchuka Kabuki zisudzo. Mtundu wina wa zisudzo - koma - amakonda asilikali ambiri. Asilikaliwo Japan, mwamphamvu zawo ndi nkhanza anali, koma ndi mphamvu.

kupenta

Art chikhalidwe cha ku akale Japan kuphunzira ndi akatswiri ambiri. A mbali yaikulu mu mapangidwe ake ankaimba penti Kaiga kuti Japanese zikutanthauza chojambula kapena kupenta. luso limeneli amaonedwa monga mawonekedwe wamkulu wa luso la boma, lomwe anatsimikiza ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha njira ndi njira.

Mu malo apadera wotanganidwa ndi chilengedwe zomwe alinga chiyambi cha zopatulika. Kulekana kwa zojambula pa sumi-e ndi katundu wa Yamato-e unakhazikitsidwa m'ma chakhumi. Kalembedwe woyambayo kusanduka pafupi m'ma chakhumi ndi chinayi. Iye ali ngati monochrome watercolor. Katundu wa Yamato-e - ndi constricted horizontally mipukutu, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kamangidwe ka ntchito mabuku.

Patapita kanthawi, m'zaka za m'ma 17, pamenepo adawonekera izikhala pa mbale - ukiyo-e. Ambuye ankafotokozedwa mitunda, geishas, zisudzo kabuki kudziwika. Mtundu wa kupenta m'zaka za m'ma 18, anali ndi mphamvu pa luso European. Masiku akutulukira dzina "Japonism". Mu Middle Ages, chikhalidwe Japanese wapita kupitirira malire a dziko - anayamba ntchito mu kamangidwe ka Interiors wotsogola ndi yapamwamba padziko lonse.

Zilembozo zinkasonyeza

Ha, mmene kukongola luso chikhalidwe cha Japan! Kumvetsa mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe Tingaone aliyense zigawo zake. Kodi masiku ano Japanese Zilembozo zinkasonyeza? Njirayi imatchedwa Shodo ( "njira ya zidziwitso '). Zilembozo zinkasonyeza, komanso kalata sukulu Japanese ndi nkhani mokakamizidwa. Asayansi apeza kuti pali luso adasonkhana ndi kulemba Chinese.

Mwa njira yakale chikhalidwe anthu anaweruzidwa mwa bwino ake Zilembozo zinkasonyeza. Today pali ambiri kulemba masitaelo, ndi kukhala nawo Amonke.

chosema

Kodi chikhalidwe Japanese? Development ndi mitundu ya m'dera ntchito imeneyi anthu tidzaphunzira zambiri. Chosema ndi mtundu amakezana luso Japanese. Kale, anthu a dziko lino anapangidwa mafano ceramic mafano ndi ziwiya. Kenako anthu anayamba kukhazikitsa ziboliboli pa manda Honeyview analenga kuchokera ku dothi yopsereza.

Development wa luso sculptural mu chi chikhalidwe Japanese kugwirizana ndi kufala kwa Chibuda mu dziko. Imodzi mwa oimira amakezana misewu Japanese ankaona kuti adzaikidwa mu kachisi Dzenko-ji fano la Amitabha Buddha, ndi mtengo.

Ziboliboli nthawi zambiri zopangidwa matabwa, koma iwo anayang'ana wolemera kwambiri: ambuye awo TACHIMATA ndi lacquer, golide ndi mitundu yowala.

origami

Kodi mungakonde Japanese luso chikhalidwe? Kumvetsa mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe adzabweretsa wosaiwalika. Mbali khalidwe la chikhalidwe Japanese anakhala chodabwitsa mankhwala origami ( "apangidwe pepala"). Luso limeneli ayenera mwa pakutchulidwa kuti China, kumene Kwenikweni anatulukira zikopa.

Choyamba "apangidwe pepala" ntchito pa miyambo ya chipembedzo. luso limeneli akhoza kuphunzira kokha apamwamba. Koma pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, origami wapita ku mabanja olemekezeka napeza admirers padziko lonse.

ikebana

Aliyense ayenera kudziwa chikhalidwe luso la East. Japan ali padera kwambiri ntchito chitukuko. Wina chigawo chimodzi cha chikhalidwe cha dziko lodabwitsali ndi Ikebana ( "moyo maluwa", "New Life of Maluwa"). Japanese - mafani aesthetics ndi kuphweka. ntchito zimayikidwa makhalidwe awiri awa. Chimagwirira mafano zimatheka ndi ntchito zaphindu za malo okongola a zomera. Ikebana, ngati origami, nawonso anatumikira monga mbali ya mwambo wachipembedzo.

tizithunzi

Mwina ambiri anazindikira kuti luso chikhalidwe cha China wakale ndi Japan ndi zogwirizana kwambiri. Ndipo bonsai? Izi ndi Japanese wapadera luso kukhala pafupifupi enieni kakang'ono buku la mtengo weniweni.

Japan chikufikanso yopanga netsuke - yaing'ono ziboliboli, ndiwo mtundu wa chithumwa. Nthawi zambiri Chiwerengerochi m'njira amene Ufumuyo chovala cha Japanese, zomwe ziribe matumba. Iwo samangokhala chokongoletsedwa izo, komanso anali ngati counterweight chosiyana. Zithumwa tinapangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a madengu kiyi thumba, nsugwi.

History of kupenta

Art chikhalidwe cha Japan wakale chidwi anthu ambiri. Tirhana mu dziko lino zinachokera pa Japanese Paleolithic ndipo anayamba motere:

• Katundu wa Yamato nthawi. Mu masiku a Asuka ndi Kofun (IV-VII m'ma) imodzi ndi oyamba otchulidwa, chilengedwe cha chitsanzo Chinese a boma boma ndi popularization cha Chibuda ku Japan ku China litapita ntchito zambiri za luso. Pambuyo pake, Japan anayamba kuimba mankhwala wowoneka bwino kalembedwe Chinese.
• Nara nthawi. The VI ndi VII CC. Chibuda anapitiriza kusintha mu Japan. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iwo anachuluka chithunzi achipembedzo, ntchito kukongoletsa akachisi ambiri anamanga ndi apamwamba. Ambiri, mu Nara nthawi chopereka kuti apange chosema ndi luso anali kuposa kupenta. Zojambulazo oyambirira a dongosolo monga penti malinga mkati mwa kachisi Horyu-ji Temple mu Nara Prefecture, kuwauza za moyo wa Buddha Shakyamuni.
• Heian nthawi. Ndi chithunzi Japanese, chibwenzi kuchokera X atumwi, akutali azimuth katundu wa Yamato-e, monga ife tatchulazi. zithunzi oterowo ndi yopingasa mipukutu, zomwe taphunzira bukhu.
• Muromachi nyengo. M'zaka za m'ma XIV kalembedwe Soupy-e (monochrome watercolor), ndipo m'nthawi ya theka XVII. ojambula zithunzi nayamba kulalikira zojambula mochita kugoba pamiyala - ukiyo-e.
• nyengo kupenta Azuchi-Momoyama nthawi chosiyana kwambiri ndi kupenta nyumba ya nyengo Muromachi. Iye ndi chibadidwe kalembedwe polychromatic ndi ntchito kwambiri siliva ndi tsamba golide. Nthawi imeneyi, kutchuka kwambiri ndi mbiri anasangalala sukulu Kano. tate wake anali kanō eitoku amene utoto denga ndi kutsetsereka zitseko zipinda osiyana. Mafanizo oterewa kukometsera nyumba zokhalamo za anthu otchuka asilikali.
• Maydzi nyengo. Popeza theka lachiwiri la m'ma XIX, luso unagawidwa kupikisana kalembedwe miyambo ndi European. M'nyengo Maydzi Japan lasintha kwambiri ndale komanso mu ndondomeko ya wamakono ndi Europeanization, bungwe ndi akuluakulu. Zingamuthandize ojambula zithunzi wamng'ono anatumizidwa kunja kuphunzira, ndi amisiri akunja kubwera kwa Japan kulenga mapulogalamu sukulu luso. Chirichonse chomwe icho chinali, pambuyo kuphulika koyamba chidwi kalembedwe luso la West pendulum ali anaponya zosiyana ndi miyambo Japanese kalembedwe anatsitsimuka. Mu 1880, miyambo ya luso Western zinali zoletsedwa zisudzo boma ndipo zikuchepa kudzudzulidwa.

ndakatulo

Art chikhalidwe cha Japan wakale anaphunzira mpaka tsopano. Mbali ake ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana, ena chikhalidwe kupanga, kuyambira inakhalapo mchikakamizo cha zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana. Amadziwika kuti Japanese chakale ndakatulo anatuluka tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo amachita mwa iwo, ndipo earthiness ake kumlingo anasunga m'njira miyambo ya versification ichi - ndakatulo atatu mzere ndi haiku pyatistishiya akasinja, amene akusiyana kutchulidwa khalidwe misa. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, ndi khalidwe la osiyana awo ku gravitating kwa elitism a "ndime ufulu", Yesu anaonekera mu m'ma 20 ku Japan mchikakamizo cha ndakatulo ya Europe.

Kodi inu munazindikira mu magawo a chitukuko cha Japan ndi Mipikisano faceted chikhalidwe luso? Ndakatulo wa chimangidwe cha dziko lino ankaimba udindo wapadera. Mmodzi wa Mitundu otchuka - haiku, kumvetsa likhoza tiyanjane ndi mbiri yake.

Choyamba anaonekera mu nthawi Heian, anali ofanana ndi kalembedwe renga, amene anali m'mafanizidwe a kubwereketsa kwa andakatulo amene ankafuna kupuma ku Waha ndakatulo kwambiri. Haikai anakhala mtundu wanyimbo wodzilamulira mu zaka za m'ma 16, monga renga anakhala poipa kwambiri, ndipo haiku anadalira chinenero ndipo anali akali zoseketsa.

Inde, Japanese luso chikhalidwe ndi mwachidule anafotokoza mu ntchito zambiri, koma tidzayesetsa za izo mwatsatanetsatane. Amadziwika kuti Ages Middle wina yotchuka Mitundu Japanese zolembalemba anali thanki ( "laconic nyimbo"). Nthawi zambiri pyatistishiya uyu wopangidwa mwa awiri a mavesi ndi chiwerengero lokhazikika la syllables: 5-7-5 syllables choyamba mizere itatu ya ndime, ndipo 7-7 mu mizere iwiri chachiwiri. Kumbali ya okhutira, m'galimoto ntchito chiwembu zotsatirazi: Vesi loyamba akuimira yeniyeni chilengedwe, pamene yaciwiri, tisaona kumatikumbutsabe ndi njira tingati munthu:

• Mu mapiri a kutali Osamva
  Fizanti tailed kugona -
  The wautali usiku
  Ndidzachita kugona ndekha? (Kakinomoto-koma Hitovaro, chiyambi cha m'ma 8, Sanovich yomasulira.)

sewero Japanese

Ambiri amanena kuti Chichaina, ndi Chijapani luso ndi chikhalidwe ndi chidwi. Kodi mumakonda luso kuchita? sewero Traditional la Japan lagawidwa jōruri (chidole zisudzo), sewero Noh (kyogen ndi okoku), Kabuki zisudzo ndi singeki. Miyambo ya luso nkhani zisanu zofunika ed Mitundu: kyogen, koma Bugakov, kabuki ndi bunraku. Asanu miyambo awa alipo lero. Ngakhale kusiyana yaikulu, iwo umanena ndi wamba mfundo zokongoletsa luso Japanese zachokera. Mwa njira, sewero Japanese anayamba pa siteji, koma.

Kabuki zisudzo anaonekera m'ma 17 anafika pachimake kutha kwa 18 a. Kukhazikika kwa nthawi zoperekedwa mawonekedwe anapulumutsidwa pa siteji ya makono ya Kabuki. The zisudzo za filimuyo, mosiyana ndi zimene zikuchitika, koma lolunjika pa bwalo yopapatiza ya admirers luso wakale, cholinga kwa omvera misa. Kayamba Kabuki luso ochokera ku malingaliro oseketsa - amisiri wa farces pang'ono, zina zachidule, imene inali kuvina ndi kuimba. Kabuki ed luso kudzipatsa odzipereka zinthu jōruri ndi Ho.

Maonekedwe a Kabuki zisudzo chikugwirizana ndi dzina la ogwira ntchito za Chibuda opatulika a O-Kuni ku Kyoto (1603). O Cooney wachita pa siteji ndi kuvina achipembedzo, Mawuwa analembedwa kayendedwe wowerengeka kuvina nembutsu-odori. zisudzo ake interspersed ndi masewero azithunzithunzi. Pa nthawi imeneyi, naonekera yudzo otchedwa Kabuki (Kabuki courtesans), O-Cooney Kabuki kapena Onna Kabuki (Kabuki madona).

zojambula mochita kugoba

M'zaka zapitazi, a ku Ulaya, ku Russia ndiyeno kudzera chosema anakumana ndi chodabwitsa luso Japanese. Pa nthawiyi n'kuti Dziko la Kutuluka Sun kujambula poyamba analibe mphamvu pa mtengo, koma anali ndi makhalidwe onse a chikhalidwe misa - mtengo wotsika, kugula, kufalitsidwa. Akatswiri ukiyo-e anatha kukwaniritsa momveka mkulu osavuta, monga nzika chimake, ndi kusankha kwawo.

Ukiyo-e anali wapadera luso sukulu, kotero iye anatha kuika patsogolo angapo aluso kwambiri. Choncho, dzina Hisikava Moronobu (1618-1694 gg.) Amachititsa gawo koyamba chitukuko powonekera zojambula mochita kugoba. Mu zaka za m'ma XVIII Mkuluyo choyamba ntchito multicolor zipsera ndi Suzuki Harunobu. Zolinga zikuluzikulu za ntchito yake ndi m'nyimbo zithunzi zimene tcheru kuti ziribe mphamvu, ndi kulanda lokhala wosasangalala ndi maganizo: chikondi, kukoma mtima, chisoni. Ngati kudzikondweretsa luso lakalekale wa nthawi Heian, virtuosos wa ukiyo-e nakhalanso mu adzayambanso m'tawuni chilengedwe kwapadera mwambo mwa kukongola woyengeka mkazi.

Kusiyana kokha kuti m'malo heyanskoy onyada olemekezeka mu zojambula mochita kugoba za chosonyeza geishas wachisomo m'madera zosangalatsa wa Edo. Wojambula Utamaro (1753-1806 gg.) Kodi mwina wapadera m'mbiri a akatswiri kupenta Mwachitsanzo, kuti athe kuthera chilengedwe chake cha chifano cha madona mu kuika zosiyanasiyana ndi zimbudzi, mu osiyana moyo. Imodzi mwa ntchito zake zabwino ndi chosema "Geisha Osama", amene kusungidwa mu Moscow, pa Museum wa Painting Pushkin. Wojambula modabwitsa mochenjera amapereka umodzi wa manja ndi maganizo, nkhope.

Manga ndi Anime

Anthu ambiri aluso akuyesetsa kufufuza luso la Japan. Ndipo kodi anime (Japanese makanema ojambula)? Izo kuchokera Mitundu ina ya makanema ojambula kwambiri ndi maganizo kwa omvera wamkulu. Pano tili kugawanika kuthetsa mu masitaelo kwa chandamale omvera wapadera. onongani muyeso mu mtima jenda, zaka kapena maganizo chithunzi cha moviegoers. Nthawi zambiri, ndi anime ndi pojambula ndi Kandachime manga Japanese, amene analandira kwambiri kutchulidwa.

Mbali yaikulu ya Kandachime manga ankafuna kuti amaonetsa wamkulu. Monga cha 2002, pafupifupi 20% ya Japanese buku msika unachitikira Kandachime manga okhala.

Japan ndi mwachirengedwe pafupi nafe, koma ngakhale zili choncho, kwa nthawi yaitali samveka kunali dziko. Lero tikudziwa kwambiri zokhudza dziko lino. Long kudzipatula kwawo kwachititsa chakuti chikhalidwe chake ndi chosiyana kuchokera chikhalidwe cha mayiko ena.