Chikhalidwe cha Baikal. Nyanja Baikal - chozizwitsa cha chilengedwe

The ziboliboli kwambiri ndipo wamanga wa nthawi zonse - chikhalidwe. Ndi mawonekedwe ake wapadera ndi wapadera ndipo osiyanasiyana awo nthawi zonse kukumbutsa anthu a ulemerero, kukongola ndi mphamvu. M'dera la Russia ndi mkulu, nchifukwa chake pa malo ake otsegula pali zolengedwa zodabwitsa zambiri za chilengedwe. Nkhani ya anachokera amaganizira zosiyanasiyana nthano amene chidwi cha anthu ambiri padziko lonse. Russian chozizwitsa cha chilengedwe - Nyanja Baikal - amakopeka nambala yaikulu alendo ndi ofufuza chifukwa makhalidwe yake yapadera.

zikamera

Mpaka lero, mmene nyanja ndipo zaka zake maganizo asayansi. Baikal ndi thupi wamkulu wa madzi pa Dziko Lapansi, mapangidwe ake zinachitika zaka zoposa 30 miliyoni zapitazo, ndi mtundu wofanana wa maphunziro nyanja glacial "moyo" zaka zosaposa 10-15 zikwi. Panthawi imeneyi, pali njira sizingasinthe wa siltation kapena eutrophication. Mwanjira imeneyi Baikal - chodabwitsa chikhalidwe, madzi ake ndi mandala, ndi milingo kunsi kwa kuipitsidwa ndi mankhwala organic ndi mchere ndi mwanyanja pang'onopang'ono amasintha kuonjezera. Stone mbale, ndilo kuchuluka yaikulu ya madzi pa dziko, atazungulira pafupifupi mbali mwa phiri otsetsereka. maganizo amenewa, pamtunda pa dziko, mu maganizo a asayansi ambiri, chimapita kupyola kutumphuka kwa zigawo chapamwamba pakhoma. Choncho amaganiza kuti njira tectonic zinachititsa mapangidwe posungira. Kodi ndi liti pamene nyanja zakale zidzaoneka, koma chikhalidwe cha Baikal imakhudza anthu ndi mafunso ambiri.

madera

Mu kukula kwa East Siberia kuchokera kumpoto kwa chakumadzulo kwa umachokera pa thambo kachigawo woboola pakati madzi. Nyanja ya Baikal ili ku Central Asia, kumalire a dziko la Buryatia ndi Irkutsk dera. m'litali ndi 630 Km, m'lifupi ranges ku 25 80 Km. M'dera la madzi angafanane ndi malire a mayiko ena a ku Ulaya (Netherlands, Belgium), ndi za 32 000 sq. Km. M'mphepete mwa nyanja nthawi zambiri zasintha, kutalika pazipita ake chili pa kuzungulira 2,200 amene anafunsidwa Km. pansi zimachititsa chilumbachi wakufayo, pali maalumali wa zitunda nyanja komanso m'madzi, koma zinamangidwa Nyanja Baikal - nyanja akuya mu dziko. Kafukufuku Hydrographic ndi lamayimbidwe woomba pansi umachitika nthawi zonse. Malinga ndi kafukufuku anatsimikizira kuya pazipita mamita 1642, ndi pafupifupi mamita oposa 700.. Achiwiri kukula nyanja kwambiri madzi Tanganyika nakhala Caspian (Caspian Sea).

kafukufuku

Chikhalidwe cha Baikal ali anthu nthawi zonse chidwi ndi primeval wake, zosiyanasiyana monumentality. Mfundo yoyamba za tsiku nyanja m'mbuyo m'zaka za m'ma XVI, pa nthawi imeneyo, Siberia anakopeka ofufuza monga Gwero losatha la tsitsi, miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi zitsulo ores. akazembe Russian anatumizidwa ku China kwa nthawi yoyamba anagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri "Ocean Sea" pa mapu. Pa nthawi yomweyo N. Spafarija muli madzi monga Nyanja Baikal, ndi zinyama ndi zomera za gombe lake. Kuyambira pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Russian Academy of Sciences (1723), ndi lamulo la Peter 1 limayamba kuphunzira maganizo a posungira, katundu wa madzi ake, chiyambi, nyama ndi zomera. Zakale azambiriyakale, folklorists, Akatswiriwa, zachilengedwe ndi maphunziro lofunika nyanja ya Baikal, lomwe lero mwadzaza zinsinsi.

Madzi ndi ayezi

Baikalskaya madzi ladzala ndi mpweya, izo limapangidwa ochepa kwambiri a mankhwala organic ndi zochita kupanga ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati otchezedwa. M'chaka ndi mandala kwambiri, akudutsa dzuŵa, ali ndi kulocha buluu, zinthu zopezeka pansi Tingaone pa akuya mamita 40. Kutentha kwa misa madzi imasiyana malingana kuya: zigawo pansi yotentha analimbikitsa ⁰ C 4, pamwamba 9 + ^{0 °} C, ndi kumalo osaya pazipita 15 ⁰ C. Chifukwa mapangidwe padziko wambirimbiri madzi bioplanktona amakhala Kamaoneka, chilungamo chake yafupika mamita 8. Ice on Lake Baikal ndi phunziro la asayansi ambiri. wochindikala ukufika mamita 1-1.5, chomwe chimaonekera. M'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja anapanga m'mapanga osaya ndi kudontheza pansi, otsika kutentha mng'alu ayezi ndi phokoso khalidwe chokhala bingu kapena mfuti. Wapadera ayezi Baikal "mapiri" ndi phirilo zooneka formations ndi pakati dzenje, kutalika awo angafikire mamita 6. m'maenje zili mapiri kutali ndi nyanja. Mapiri akhoza kupanga mtundu wa zitunda kapena anaika mmodzi ndi mmodzi.

zivomerezi

zivomezi ofooka (mfundo 1-2) ali anamuona pa Baikal zonse. njira Tectonic ndi kusintha zimachititsa chilumbachi pansi ndi zone m'mphepete mwa nyanja. zivomezi mphamvu kumachitika mokhazikika, zotsatira zawo zimadalira mphamvu zivomezi zina. Mu 1862, chifukwa mmodzi wa iwo ndi mphamvu ya mfundo 10 zasintha ankadziwana wa Selenga, anapita pansi lalikulu populata m'dera la dziko. Pa nthawi yomaliza imene chivomezi zoopsa 6 taonera 2010. Mwina njira tectonic kugwirizana ndi kukula kwa nyanja. Kotero, zikuchulukirachulukira chaka ndi masentimita 2.

Inflow ndi outflow

Voliyumu ya madzi a m'nyanja ya Baikal ndi za 24 000 Km ^3, ndi akuluakulu okha mu Nyanja Caspian, koma ndi mchere. Nyanja Siberia akudyetsedwa ndi kuchuluka lalikulu m'mitsinje. chiwerengero chawo pafupifupi ndi 330-340 zidutswa, malingana ndi nyengo pa chaka. Pa kasupe chisanu Sungunulani mu ozungulira kumapiri chiwerengero cha mitsinje ndi kwambiri. Kwa madzi kwambiri nyanja ya Baikal ali ndi Selenga Mtsinje (kubweretsa theka buku la inflows okwana), Barguzin, Upper Angara, Turk, Sarma, etc. Kuchepetsa voliyumu ndi chifukwa masoka njira ya evaporation padziko la nyanja. The otaya waukulu amapezeka hangar lapansi. Mwa njira, mtsinje umenewu umaphatikizapo zambiri nthano nkhani. Anthu amatcha izo kukongola yekha mwana wamkazi wa nyanja akale.

Biota

Baikal Nature ndi osiyanasiyana ndi wapadera. otsetsereka miyala yokutidwa ndi m'nkhalango nkhalango, amene litadzala ndi ambiri a nyama .. Kunakhala, mphalapala, nkhandwe, mphungu, etc. okwana asayansi ndi za 2.650 mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera, ndi 65-70% ya iwo sakupezeka topezeka kudera lonse, mwachitsanzo . Iwo ali kuderako. Wapadera dziko nyama ya nyanza chifukwa mpweya machulukitsidwe ake mu kuya ndi luso kutisambitsa yokha. Epishura crustacean (zooplankton), ndi Baikal chisindikizo, moyo mwankhanza nsomba kansomba, Cisco, Nsombazi, Grayling, pansi-okhala chinkhupule amapereka lingaliro la zomera zosiyanasiyana nyanja. Unyinji lalikulu la zomera nyanja tichipeza algae kuti amakhala m'malo osiyana (diatoms, golide, buluu wobiriwira). zigawo pansi ngakhale pa kuya pazipita ali asezare kuli zokwanira, nkhani organic ndi gwero chakudya kwa anthu pa nyanja. Ndi zizindikiro zambiri (zaka, katundu wa madzi, kuya, nyama wapadera ndi zomera), nyanja ndi topezeka wapadera padziko lonse, nchifukwa chake ndi chitetezo cha chibadwa Baikal - ndi imodzi mwa zinthu ndife.

zachilengedwe

Kugunda azipeza chitukuko ndi chikhalidwe pristine, kawirikawiri akutsirizira kuwina opangidwa dziko. zaka 150 zapitazo padoko anali nkhalango moti, imene apaulendo akhagopa kupita chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo. Lero, chachikulu kudula mitengo, kuipitsa mitsinje ndi mpweya, komanso poaching anakhala kuopseza kuli topezeka wapadera, chikhalidwe cha Baikal. zoipa Kwambiri anachititsa kuti zomera ili pa gombe ndi midzi yaikulu ndi mizinda. Chinthu chachikulu kwa kuteteza nyanja anali kutsekedwa kwa zamkati ndi pepala mphero posamutsa payipi kuti mpata wokwanira m'deralo. Mlingo wa kuipitsa madzi ndi mankhwala organic ndi zochita kupanga a kwambiri chifukwa inflow Selenga. Industrial ndi oyang'anira tauni madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito, mafuta akatulutsidwa pambuyo pake ake ndi kugwera m'nyanja Baikal. Nature kusamala ndi kuteteza dongosolo zachilengedwe panopa imachitika pa maziko a lamulo 1999 boma. Ndi nthawi zomwe kuloledwa kunyamula pa nyanja. Pafupifupi onse madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo nyanja chiyenera kukhala malo yaikulu, umene bungwe zinthu kutukuka kwa enawo, zokopa alendo ndi kafukufuku topezeka. Mu 1996, nyanja anali m'gulu mndandanda wa UNESCO World Heritage, T. E. Kodi analandira udindo wa chipilala, ndipo atetezedwe anthu.

zokopa alendo

Chikhalidwe wokongola nyanja ya Baikal chaka amakopeka ambiri anthu. Kopita wotchuka kwambiri ndi Eco-zokopa alendo, kokayenda ndi mahatchi atakwera malo chosungikira kufunika okwezeka alendo. njira yogwira zosangalatsa alinso kufunika (kutsetsereka, Kuyenda ndi catamarans on Lake Baikal, ndi zina zotero. D.). Komabe, ambiri a malo kuno kuyang'ana chozizwitsa cha chilengedwe. Baikal ndi nthawi zosiyana: thambo wopambana wa nyanza agonjera ku mikuntho, nyengo yapadera ndi kukongola kwa nkhalango m'mphepete mwa nyanja Tingaone maola. Chiwerengero cha zokopa analengedwa ndi chikhalidwe ndi mwamuna malo aakulu pofukula, chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale ili m'mphepete mwa njira ya njira za alendo.